Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Social Psychology |
incredibly broad field, lots of subdivisions; scientific study how we think about influence and relate to one another |
|
|
Fundamental Attribution Era |
assume behavior is inherent, not conditioned |
|
|
Power of Situation |
can make people do horrible things |
|
|
Power of the Person |
individuals respond differently |
|
|
Importance of Cognition |
think differently + applicability of social psychological principles |
|
|
Social cognition |
The general process we use to make sense out of social events, which may or may not include other people |
|
|
Sociology |
the study of society; how people act within, looks more at groups than individuals, more field research, observational rather than experimental |
|
|
Theories of Personality |
really in depth person rather than average person, longer history than social psych |
|
|
Social Psych began in... |
the 1960's |
|
|
1940's |
Prejudice |
|
|
1950's |
Conformity |
|
|
1960's |
Agression |
|
|
Post-9/11 |
terror-management |
|
|
Social representation |
socially shared beliefs, helps make sense of the world/our values influence our ideas and experiments |
|
|
Naturalistic fallacy |
era of defining what’s good; what is observable (Be aware of being subjective) |
|
|
Hindsight bias |
tendency to exaggerate one’s ability to have foreseen how something turned out |
|
|
Observational description |
what’s the nature of the phenomenon |
|
|
Correlation prediction |
if know x, can predict y? |
|
|
Experimental Causality |
does variable x cause y? |
|
|
Systematic observation |
trained scientist solving q’s by observing + coding it by a criteria |
|
|
Participant observation |
joining a cult to see reaction/tries not to alter situation |
|
|
Archival Analysis |
looking @ archive data, observing through recorded data |
|
|
Correlation method |
2 or more variables, systematically measured, assess relationship-- Positive or negative, closer to one, stronger relationship |
|
|
Experimental Method |
random assignment ≠ random sampling (random sampling comes before assignment)-- Only have one independent variable to manipulate and record results |
|
|
IV |
manipulated variable |
|
|
DV |
measured variable |
|
|
Internal validity |
the IV the only thing affecting the DV |
|
|
External validity |
you generate results to other situations |
|
|
Basic Research |
best answer to why people behave in a certain way… satisfies curiosity |
|
|
Applied Research |
intended to solve problem |
|
|
Self-concept |
answer to the question “Who am I”; your ideas and beliefs about who YOU are; usually includes the roles we play and personality traits we have (specific to Western cultures)→ fluxuates EX: becoming a parent |
|
|
Self-esteem |
one’s overall self-evaluation or sense of worth |
|
|
Self-schema |
specific beliefs by which you define who you are, the elements of your self-concept |
|
|
Self-reference effect |
tendency to process efficiently information related to oneself |
|
|
Two Factor Theory of Emotion |
diff. emotions can have the same psychological responses. EX: sweaty palms for attraction and sweaty palms for fear |
|
|
Social comparison |
evaluating one’s abilities and opinions by comparing oneself to others (surroundings will impact how u view urself) |
|
|
3 TYPES OF SOCIAL COMPARISONS: UPWARD, DOWNWARD, LATERAL |
UPWARD- Comparing self to someone better than u DOWNWARD- Comparing self to some1 worse than you LATERAL- Comparing self to someone same as you |
|
|
Schadenfreude |
taking joy in other’s misfortunes |
|
|
Individualism |
(Western cultures) giving priority to own goals over group goals; defining identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identification |
|
|
Collectivism |
(Asian cultures) giving priority to the goals of one’s groups & defining identity accordingly EX: “I am a Buddhist, Asian, etc” |
|
|
Self-efficacy |
feeling of competency and effectiveness EX low self esteem in math, self esteem high in everything else, but anxious over math Self efficacy ≠ self-esteem |
|
|
Locus of Control |
extent to which ppl percieve outcomes as under their control or controlled by external events |
|
|
Internal and External Locus of Control |
Internal: You feel you can control what happens to you : “I have control of my actions” External: out of one’s control, doesn’t matter what you do; FAITH, COINCIDENCE |
|
|
Learned helplessness EX? |
dogs- shocked in cage People- abusive relationships RESULT: Both: stop looking for a way to leave |
|
|
Self-serving bias |
the tendency to perceive oneself favorably |
|
|
THREE TYPES OF EXCUSES |
“I didn’t do it”-- refusal to admit to wrongdoing, common in children“ It’s not so bad”-- Admitting to fault but perceiving wrongdoing as subjectively appropriate/okay “Yes, but…”-- Admitting to ignorance or incompetence but not malicious intent |
|
|
Self-Presentation |
act of expressing oneself and behaving in ways designed to create a favorable impression EX: false modesty (fishing for compliments PURPOSELY) |
|
|
Self-handicapping |
protecting one’s self-image w/ behaviors that create a handy excuse for later failure (can be done subconsciously) EX: “There’s no way I’m passing this exam” and going out drinking instead of studying |
|
|
Self-monitoring |
being attuned to how we present ourselves in social situations and adjusting performance to create a desired impression EX: JOB INTERVIEW, ACTING |
|
|
High self-monitors |
more likely to adjust behavior to the situation more likely to express an opinion, seen as tactful and adaptable |
|
|
Low self-monitors |
more likely to speak and act as they really believe, rigid and stubborn, but honest and forthright |
|
|
Impression formation |
process by which observers integrate various sources of information about other’s self-presentation into a unified and consistent judgement |
|
|
Nonverbal behavior |
6 universally recognized emotions: happy, sad, disgusted, shocked/surprised, fear, anger |
|
|
Attribution Theory |
the theory of how ppl explain other’s behavior |
|
|
Internal Attribution Theory |
deciding one’s personality is the underlying cause of their behavior |
|
|
External attribution theory |
deciding one’s situation is the underlying cause of their behavior |
|
|
KELLEY’S ATTRIBUTION THEORY Says: |
we use 3 different factors when we are making our attributions |
|
|
DISTINCTIVENESS |
Information about the extent to which one particular actor behaves in the same way to different objects |
|
|
CONSISTENCY |
Information about the extent to which the behavior between one actor and the object is the same between time & circumstances |
|
|
CONSENSUS |
Information abt the extent to which other ppl behave in the same way toward the same object as the actor does |
|
|
Fundamental attribution error |
when explaining someone else’s behavior, we underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the influence of traits and attributes |
|
|
actor/observer difference |
we have a different perspective when we are observing other’s behavior than when we’re performing the behavior (POV, WHEN WE ARE THE ACTOR) |
|
|
Schemas |
mental templates by which we organize our words |
|
|
Priming |
activating particular associations of one’s inital conceptions, as when the basis for one’s belief is discredited but an explaination of why the belief might be true survives EX: “people who take risks are the best firefighters” Years later, it is proven to person X that people who are careful are the “best” firefighters REMEDY? Person X must spend the time to accept the facts and fight preconditioned beliefs |
|
|
Overconfidence Phenomenon |
the tendency to be more confident than correct; to overstimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs |
|
|
Confirmation bias |
tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions |
|
|
Behavioral confirmation |
a tendency for perceivers to behave as if their expectations are correct and the targets then respond in ways that can confirm the perceiver’s beliefs |
|
|
Heuristics |
mental shortcuts or rules of thumb; so for efficiency not accuracy |
|
|
Representative heuristic |
strategy of judging the likelihood of things by how well they represent or match particular prototypes |
|
|
anchoring and adjustment heuristic |
using a number or value as a starting point and then adjusting it sufficiently |
|
|
availability heuristic |
shortcut used to estimate the frequency or likelihood of an event based on how quickly examples of it come to mind (tends to bias our interpretations) |
|
|
counterfactual thinking |
the tendency to create positive alternatives to a negative outcome that already occurred |
|
|
Illusory correlation |
perception of a relationship where none exists EX: “When couples stop trying, that's when they conceive” “It always rains when I'm wearing my glasses” “Birds always crap on my car right after I clean it” |
|
|
Illusion of control |
the idea that chance events are subject to our influence EX: wearing lucky socks before the big game |
|
|
Regression toward the average |
the statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behavior to return towards one’s average |
|
|
Heuristics are... |
easier and quicker THINK: accuracy v. efficiency |
