Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is Erikson's third stage of personality development?
|
Initiative vs Guilt
|
|
|
What occurs at the Initiative vs Guilt stage?
|
children have become more convinced that they are persons of their own
|
|
|
How do children identify themselves?
|
with their parents
|
|
|
What skills do children use during early childhood to make things happen?
|
perceptual, motor, cognitive, and language
|
|
|
What is self-understanding?
|
the child's cognitive representation of self, the substance and content of self-conceptions
|
|
|
How have researchers probed children's conceptions of many aspects of self-understanding?
|
through interviews
|
|
|
How do children describe themselves at this age?
|
at a young age, children describe themselves in terms of concrete, observable features and activities
at age 4 to 5, they begin to use psychological trait and emotion terms to describe themselves |
|
|
Why do children express unrealistic optimism?
|
they don't yet distinguish between their desired competence and their actual competence, tend to confuse ability and effort
|
|
|
In order to experience self conscious emotions, what do children have to be able to do?
|
refer to themselves and be aware of themselves as distinct from others
|
|
|
What are examples of self conscious emotions?
|
pride, shame, embarrassment, and guilt
|
|
|
What are emotion coaching parents?
|
parents who monitor their children's emotions, view their children's negative emotions as opportunities for teaching, assist them in labeling emotions, and coach them in how to deal effectively with emotions
|
|
|
What are emotion dismissing parents?
|
parents view their role as to deny, ignore, or change negative emotions
|
|
|
What is moral development?
|
development that involves thoughts, feelings, and actions regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people
|
|
|
Feelings of guilt and anxiety are central to the account of moral development provided by Freud's Psychoanalytic theory
TRUE or FALSE |
True
|
|
|
According to Freud, how does one reduce anxiety?
|
avoid punishment, and maintain parental affection
|
|
|
What can motivate moral behavior?
|
guilt
|
|
|
What is heteronomous morality?
|
the first stage of moral development in Piaget's theory
|
|
|
When does heteronomous morality occur?
|
approx 4 to 7 years of age
|
|
|
What occurs during heteronomous morality?
|
justice and rules are conceived of as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people
|
|
|
What is Autonomous Morality?
|
the second stage of moral development in Piaget's theory
|
|
|
When does Autonomous Morality occur?
|
approx 10 years of age and older
|
|
|
What occurs during Autonomous Morality?
|
child becomes aware that rules and laws are created by people and in judging an action, one should consider the actor's intensions as well as the consequences
|
|
|
Because children are heteronomous moralists, how do they judge the rightness or goodness of a behavior?
|
by considering its consequences, not the intentions of the actor
|
|
|
To the heteronomous moralist, what is worse: breaking 12 cups accidentally or breaking one cup intentionally?
|
breaking twelve cups unintentionally
|
|
|
What is Gender Identity?
|
the sense of being male or female
|
|
|
When do most children acquire gender identity?
|
by the time they are 3 years old
|
|
|
What are gender roles?
|
sets of expectations that prescribe how females or males should think, act, and feel
|
|
|
What are the three Social Theories of Gender?
|
1. Social Role
2. Psychoanalytic 3. Social Cognitive |
|
|
What does the Social Role Theory state?
|
theory that gender differences result from the contrasting roles of men and women
|
|
|
What does the Psychoanalytic Theory of Gender state?
|
stems from Freud's view that the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite sex parent
|
|
|
According to the Psychoanalytic Theory of Gender, what is this process called for boys?
|
Oedipus
|
|
|
According to the Psychoanalytic Theory of Gender, what is this process called for girls?
|
Electra
|
|
|
According to the Psychoanalytic Theory of Gender, what happens at age 5 or 6?
|
child renounces this attraction because of anxious feelings and they identify with the same-sex parent
|
|
|
What happens when the child begins to identify with the same-sex parent?
|
they unconsciously adopt the parent's characteristics
|
|
|
What has research shown is wrong with Freud's Theory?
|
children become gender-typed much earlier than 5 or 6, and they become more masculine or feminine even when the same-sex parent is not present in the family
|
|
|
What is the Social Cognitive Theory of Gender?
|
a theory emphasizing that children's gender development occurs through the observation and imitation of gender behavior and through the rewards and punishments children experience for gender-appropriate and gender inappropriate behavior
|
|
|
How are children influenced?
|
by parents and peers
|
|
|
How do parents influence their children's gender development?
|
by action and example
|
|
|
What are mother socialization strategies?
|
mothers socialize their daughters to be more obedient and responsible than their sons and place more restrictions on their daughters autonomy
|
|
|
What are father socialization strategies?
|
fathers show more attention to their sons than to their daughters, engage in more activities with their sons, and put forth more effort to promote their sons' intellectual development
|
|
|
At what age do children show a preference for spending time with same-sex playmates and when does this preference increase until?
|
3 years old and increases until age 12
|
|
|
During the Elementary years, who do children spend a majority of time with?
|
same-sex children
|
|
|
When does the tendency to play in same-sex groups increase?
|
4 and 6 years of age
|
|
|
From about age 5, who is more likely to associate themselves with larger groups?
|
boys
|
|
|
Why do boys tend to associate themselves in larger clusters?
|
they participate in organized group games and they seek to attain a group goal
|
|
|
What type of play do boys typically engage in?
|
rough-and-tumble play, competition, conflict, ego displays, risk taking, and seeking dominance
|
|
|
What type of play do girls typically engage in?
|
"collaborative discourse," in which they talk and act in a more reciprocal manner
|
|
|
According to Social cognitive Theory, what are the mechanisms by which gender develops?
|
observation, imitation, rewards, and punishment
|
|
|
What are the main keys to gender development?
|
interactions between the child and social environment
|
|
|
What is Gender Schema Theory?
|
theory that gender typing emerges as children develop gender schemas of what is gender-appropraite and gender-inappropriate in their culture
|
|
|
What fuels gender typing?
|
gender schemas
|
|
|
What does Baumrind stress for parents?
|
parents should be neither punitive nor aloof
|
|
|
According to Baumrind, what are the four parenting types?
|
1. authoritarian
2. authoritative 3. neglectful 4. indulgent |
|
|
What is Authoritarian Parenting?
|
a restrictive, punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and respect their work and effort, they allow little verbal exchange
|
|
|
Typically, how are children of authoritarian parents?
|
unhappy, fearful, and anxious about comparing themselves with others; they fail to initiate activity and have weak communication skills
|
|
|
What is Authoritative Parenting?
|
parents encourage children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions; extensive verbal give-and-take is allowed, and parents are warm and nurturant towards child
|
|
|
What kind of behavior do authoritative parents expect from their children?
|
independent and age-appropraite behavior
|
|
|
Typically, how are children of authoritative parents?
|
cheerful, self-controlled and self-reliant, and achievement oriented; they tend to maintain friendly relations with peers, cooperate with adults, and cope well with stress
|
|
|
What is Neglectful Parenting?
|
style in which the parent is uninvolved in the child's life
|
|
|
What is one main issue that children develop from parents who are neglectful?
|
the sense that other aspects of the parents' lives are more important than they are
|
|
|
Typically, how are children of neglectful parents?
|
socially incompetent, poor self-control, and don't handle independence well, low self-esteem, immature, and may be alienated from the family
|
|
|
What happens to children of neglectful parents during adolescence?
|
they may show patterns of truancy and delinquency
|
|
|
What is Indulgent Parenting?
|
parents are highly involved with their children but place few demands or controls on them
|
|
|
Basically, what is Indulgent Parenting?
|
they allow children to do what they want
|
|
|
Typically, how are children of indulgent parents?
|
rarely learn respect for others and have difficulty controlling their behavior, they might be noncompliant, egocentric, domineering, and have unsatisfactory peer relations
|
|
|
What do these 4 classifications of parenting involve?
|
combinations of acceptance and responsiveness on one hand and demand and control on the other
|
|
|
What is associated with corporal punishment by parents?
|
higher levels of immediate compliance and aggression by the children
|
|
|
What us corporal punishment linked to?
|
lower levels of moral internalization and mental health
|
|
|
Why should parents not punish a kid by yelling, screaming, or spanking?
|
they are presenting children with out-of-control models for handling stressful situations and they may imitate this behavior
|
|
|
What is a problem with punishment?
|
it can instill fear, rage, or avoidance
|
|
|
If a child is spanked, what might it cause the child to do?
|
avoid being near the parent and to fear the parent
|
|
|
What does punishment tell children?
|
what not to do rather than what to do
|
|
|
If parents unintentionally become so aroused when they are punishing their child, what might happen?
|
they become abusive
|
|
|
What do most psychologists recommend to handle misbehavior?
|
reason with child, especially explaining the consequences of the child's actions for others
|
|
|
What are the four types of maltreatment?
|
1. physical abuse
2. child neglect 3. sexual abuse 4. emotional abuse |
|
|
What is Physical Abuse?
|
infliction of physical injury as a result of punching, beating, kicking, biting, burning, shaking, or otherwise harming a child
|
|
|
What is Child Neglect?
|
failure to provide for the child's basic needs
|
|
|
What type of neglect is there?
|
physical, emotional, or educational
|
|
|
What is the most common form of child mistreatment?
|
child neglect
|
|
|
What is Sexual Abuse?
|
fondling of genitals, intercourse, incest, rape, sodomy, exhibitionism, and commercial exploitation through prostitution or production of porn
|
|
|
What is Emotional Abuse?
|
includes acts or omissions by parents or caregivers that have caused or could cause, serious behavioral, cognitive, or emotional problems
|
