Chapter P - What Is Statistics?

Front 1

Probability

Back 1

Chance of an event occurring.

Hint 1

When a single die is thrown, there are six possible outcomes: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
The probability of throwing any one of these numbers is 1/6.

Front 2

Categorical Variable

Back 2

Types of data which may be divided into groups.

Hint 2

Examples of categorical variables are race, age group, and educational level.

Front 3

Experiment

Back 3

A deliberate action done to individuals in order to observe their responses.

Hint 3

Purposely assigning one group a treatment and another group another treatment and comparing the results.

Front 4

Observational Study

Back 4

The act of observing individuals and measuring variables of interest without attempting to influence the responses.

Hint 4

Example: An individual wants to know if women or men are more likely to answer questions when asked on the street, so they ask 100 random men and 100 random women and record the results.

Front 5

Sample

Back 5

A portion of individuals that are part of a population meant to represent the population.

Hint 5

Example: 60 high school students chosen to represent the entire student body at a high school

Front 6

Population

Back 6

Individuals of interest as a whole.

Hint 6

Example: The United States population as a whole.

Front 7

Individual

Back 7

Objects described by a set of data.

Hint 7

People subjected to the survey.

Front 8

Variable

Back 8

Characteristic of the individual to be measured or observed.

Hint 8

EX:

Time spent exercising

Front 9

Quantitative Variable

Back 9

A variable with a numerical measurement.

Hint 9

Examples include weight, height, test scores.

Front 10

Distribution

Back 10

Information explaining what values the variable takes and how often it takes these values.

Hint 10

Stem Plots, Pie Charts, Bar Graphs, Dotplots, Box-and-Whisker Plots, etc.

Front 11

Bar Graphs

Back 11

A graphic means of data distribution by rectangles with lengths proportional to the measure of the data being compared.

Hint 11

Front 12

Dot plot

Back 12

a dot plot is a graphical representation of data with dots over a number line. each dot represents a value.

Hint 12

Front 13

Explanatory Data Analysis

Back 13

The act of using graphs and numerical summaries to describe the variables in a data set and the relations among them.

Hint 13

Example: bar graph, dot plot, stem plot, scatter plot, histogram

Front 14

Statistical Inference

Back 14

Produces answers to specific questions, including a statement of how confident we can be to say that the answer is correct.

Hint 14

Ex: 80% of the teenagers at Leland High School prefer Soda to Juice. This can be attributed to the amount of sugar within the drink.

Front 15

Dealing with Data (steps involved)

Back 15

1. Identify individuals and variables in a set of data.
2. Classify each variable as categorical/quantitative. Identify units.
3. Answer key questions (Who, What, Why, When, Where, How, and by Whom?

Hint 15

Ex: Dogs and Cats (individuals), variables (lifespan, exercise time)

Lifespan and Exercise time (quantitative, years and hours)

Breeds of Dogs and Cats (categorical)

Front 16

Probability (steps involved)

Back 16

1. Interpret probability as what happens in the long run.
2. Use simulations to determine how likely an outcome is to occur.

Hint 16

Performing a simulation a large number of times will give a probability of the event occurring in the long run.

Front 17

Survey

Back 17

A form of observational study used to gather data for an analysis of some aspect of a group or area.

Hint 17

Phone calls asking for political opinion during an election.