Chapter 9 Vocabulary

Front 1

Pinna

Back 1

(auricle) or external flap on side of head, or the ear

Front 2

external auditory meatus

Back 2

ear canal, s shaped tube about 2.5-3.5 cm long, 6mm diameter, lined with epidermis

Front 3

main function of pinna

Back 3

help channel sound waves into ear canal

and protects EAM and also helps in localization of sound

Front 4

cerumen

Back 4

ear wax, glands in cartilaginous part of canal secretes this waxy substance along with oil

Front 5

cilia

Back 5

move in a wave like fasshion to propel the ear wax with dust particles to outside ear

Front 6

ear canal

Back 6

protects the inner and middle ears, detects sound

Front 7

ear canal and pinna together

Back 7

create a broad resonance resulting in approx 10 to 15 dB of amplification on a spectrum of 2500 to 5000 Hz

Front 8

tympanic membrane

Back 8

semi transparent, oval shaped sheet of membrane that is concave on its external surface, held in position by a ligament and is composed of external, middle, and inner layers.

PRIMARY FUNCTION: vibrate when acoustic pressure waves impinge on it ----- involved in the process of transducing pressure to MECHANICAL WAVES.

Front 9

umbo

Back 9

tip of the cone (Tympanic membrane)

Front 10

malleus

Back 10

hammer

contributes to cone shape

has two major parts: head/handle

measures 8 mm length

Front 11

manubrium

Back 11

handle of malleus, embedded in the TM

Front 12

ossicles

Back 12

malleus, incus, stapes

smallest bones in body, connected to each other,

Front 13

Eustachian tube

Back 13

(auditory tube) 35 mm length, runs from nasopharynx to middle ear, pharyngeal opening 8 mm and is a slit, this end of tube is normally CLOSED except yawning/swallowing. Extremely impt for the middle ear as it serves to keep the middle ear space ventilated and drained, and also to clear mucus from middle ear by draining mucus to pharynx where it is swallowed.

Front 14

tympanic cavity

Back 14

tympanium

Front 15

epitympanic recess

Back 15

attic, lies superior to TM

Front 16

middle ear

Back 16

air filled cavity, contains ossicles, ligaments that hold them in place, and two muscles

Front 17

otitis media

Back 17

middle ear infection, when mucus is not cleared, young children are more susceptible to this because their Eu tubes run nearly horizontal

Front 18

head of malleus

Back 18

extends into the epitympanic recess (attic)

Front 19

incus

Back 19

anvil, 8 mm length

Front 20

stapes

Back 20

stirrups, attached to the incus and oval window

Front 21

ossicular chain

Back 21

supported by ligaments and forms the mechanical vibrating element of auditory system

Front 22

tensor tympani

Back 22

muscle of middle ear, 20 mm length, runs parallel to Eu tube, originates at tendon of tensor veli palatini muscle, passes through a bony canal in the temporal bone of cranium, emerges into the tympanic cavity and connects with the manubrium of the malleus. A contraction of it pulls the malleus medial.

Front 23

stapedius muscle

Back 23

shorter than tensor tympani, 6 mm, runs from posterior wall to the tympanic cavity to the head of the stapes. A contraction pulls the stapes posterior.

Front 24

acoustic, or stapedial, reflex

Back 24

when stapedius muscle contracts strongly in response to intense sound of 80 dB HL or more, stiffening ossicular chain and TM, occurs bilaterally ( a loud sound introduced to either ear will elicit the reflex in both ears)

Front 25

inner ear

Back 25

lies deep within the temporal bone and is composed of the cochlea, the semicircular canals, and a connecting vestibule between them.

Front 26

cochlea

Back 26

housed in the petrous portion of the temporal bone, just medial to they Tympanic cavity. Snail-shaped, bony, spiral canal (modiolus)

5 cm straigtened

Front 27

modiolus

Back 27

two and three quarter turns around the bony core part of the cochlea

Front 28

osseus spiral lamina

Back 28

projects from the modiolus...bony shelf, through which the nerve fibers contacting the hair cells are able to pass

Front 29

apex of cochlea

Back 29

that point of the canal farthest from the middle ear

Front 30

perilymph

Back 30

fluid between the bony canal and the membranous canal

peri = around

Front 31

endolymph

Back 31

fluid within the membranous canal

endo = within

Front 32

membranous canal

Back 32

attached to the osseous spiral lamina and to the outer wall of the bony canal, often referred to as cochlear duct or partition

Front 33

scalae of ear

Back 33

three separate chambera

Front 34

basilar membrane

Back 34

plays a crucial role in the cochlea's ability to perform a frequency and intensity analysis of all incoming sounds, base of cochlear duct

Front 35

Reissner's membrane or vestibular

Back 35

roof of the duct is formed by this

Front 36

scala vestibuli

Back 36

space above the vestibular membrane, terminates at oval window

Front 37

scala tympani

Back 37

space below the basilar membrane, terminates at round window

Front 38

scala media

Back 38

cochlear duct

Front 39

round window

Back 39

another opening between middle and inner ears

Front 40

heliocotrema

Back 40

where the cochlear duct ends, the scala vestibuli and scala tympani meet

Front 41

Organ of Corti

Back 41

lying within the cochlear duct, sitting on the basilar membrane and running its entire length. consists of several types of supporting cells and the sensory cells for hearing.

Front 42

stereocilia

Back 42

tiny hairlike projections

Front 43

inner and outer hair cells

Back 43

sensory cells for hearing

Front 44

tectorial membrane

Back 44

gelatinous structure that forms the roof of the organ of Corti

Front 45

maximum displacement

Back 45

the stereocilia of the hair cells are activated, stimulating the auditory nerve to fire at that frequency

Front 46

auditory nerve

Back 46

a branch of the eighth cranial nerve

Front 47

cortex of brain

Back 47

where speech perception takes place

Front 48

apex of membrane

Back 48

most sensitive to low frenquencies

Front 49

Tonotopic organization

Back 49

the arrangement of frequency sensitivity according to its place.

Front 50

speech perception

Back 50

a search for meaning, which is based on the ability to discriminate between and identify the acoustic-phonetic features of the speech waveform

Front 51

Pattern Playback ( PP )

Back 51

works in reverse to a spectrograph

converts visual patterns into sounds

Front 52

spectrograph

Back 52

visually displays the acoustic characteristics of individual sounds, provides detailed info about the acoustic structure of speech sounds

Front 53

target undershoot

Back 53

the formant patterns of different vowels become similar to each other

Front 54

dipthongs

Back 54

are percieved on the basis of their formant transitions ( change from steady state of first vowel to steady state of second vowel)

Front 55

consonants

Back 55

produces with much more rapid movements of the articulators than vowels.

Front 56

categorical perception

Back 56

the way that consonants are perceived is different from how vowels are perceived

Front 57

crossover

Back 57

the listener would hear the other sounds as a different phoneme

Front 58

natural (nonsynthetic) speech

Back 58

listeners use several different acoustic features to categorize a consonant

Front 59

liquids

Back 59

recognized on the basis of their formant transitions, more rapid than diphthongs

Front 60

glides

Back 60

characterzied by transitions that are shorter in duration than those of diphthongs

Front 61

nasals

Back 61

recognized on their basis of their internal formant structure, as well as on the basis of the formant transitions of the vowels occuring before and after the nasal sound

Front 62

stops

Back 62

are perceived on the basis of numerous acoustic cues that are intertwined with the acoustic cues for the vowels and consonants surrounding the phoneme

Front 63

fricative

Back 63

noise is longer in duration than stops

Front 64

cutback

Back 64

a delay of F1 relative to the beginning of the F2 transition

Front 65

affricates

Back 65

share acoustic features with stops and fricatives

Front 66

rise time

Back 66

how long it takes for the amplitude envelope to reach its highest value

Front 67

hearing loss

Back 67

described in terms of type, degree, and configuration. include conductive, sensorineural, and mixed

Front 68

conductive hearing loss

Back 68

outer ear and /or middle ear pathology

Front 69

sensorineural hearing loss

Back 69

inner ear or eighth cranial nerve pathology

Front 70

mixed hearing loss

Back 70

conductive/sensorineural hearing loss in same ear

Front 71

degree of hearing loss

Back 71

refers to the amount of hearing loss and is typically characterized as mild, moderate, moderatly severe, severe, or profound

Front 72

mild hearing loss

Back 72

loss of about 25 to 40 dB HL

Front 73

profound hearing loss

Back 73

loss of greater than 90 dB HL

Front 74

Configuration of loss

Back 74

refers to the shape of the loss according to frequency, common configurations include flat, rising, and gradually sloping

Front 75

flat configuration

Back 75

all frequencies are approx equally affected

Front 76

rising configuration

Back 76

lower frequencies are more affected than high frequencies

Front 77

gradually sloping configuraiton

Back 77

higher frequencies are more affected than low freq

Front 78

Audibility

Back 78

refers to whether a specific speech cue is present at a level that the person can hear

(suprathreshold level)

Front 79

suprathreshold recognition ability

Back 79

recognization of audible sounds