Chapter 9: Social Process Perspective

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Social Process Theory (also called Interactionist theory/perspective

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The theory that criminal behaviour is learned in interaction with others and that the socialization process that occur as a result of group membership are the primary route through which this learning occurs.

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Social learning theory

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A perspective that places primary emphasis on the role of communication and socialization in the acquisition of learned patterns of criminal behaviour and the values that supports.

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Who was Edwin H. Sutherland (1939)?

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- A criminologist that suggested that our behaviours learned from the association with others through communication etc.

- Who developed the thesis of Differential Association?

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Differential association

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The sociological thesis that criminality, like any other form of behaviour, is learned through a process of association with others who communicate criminal values.

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What are nine principles of differential association? (See pg.228-9)

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See pg. 228-9

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Techniques of neutralization

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Learned justification that can provide criminal offenders with the means to disavow responsibility for their behaviour

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Offenders of a crime can overcome feelings of responsibility by using justifications, what are the five types of justifications that Gresham Sykes and David Matza noted?

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1. Denying responsibility

2. Denying injury: ie "They're so rich, they'll never miss it"

3. Denying the victim: "I only beat up drunks"

4. Condemning the condemners: "If I don't do it to him, he'll do it to me."

5. Appealing to higher loyalties: "I have to protect myself"

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Frank Tannenbaum popularized the term tagging, what is it?

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The process whereby an individual is negatively defined by agencies of justice. In other words, this term tries to explain what happens to offenders following, arrest, conviction, and sentencing. -- They are now considered as "bad,"

and bad people have little opportunities

Who popularized this term?

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Edwin Lemert developed the term:

Primary deviance, what is it?

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§initially crime is often a solution to immediate problems (need some money), or to meet subcultural expectations (kids will be kids). The crime may not be likely to occur again, or may be just be adolescent limited crime.

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Edwin Lemert developed the term:

Secondary deviance, what is it?

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Deviant behaviour that results from official labelling and from association with others who have been so labelled.

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Labeling

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An interactionist perspective that sees continued crime as a consequence of limited opportunities for acceptable behaviour that follow from the negative responses of society to those defined as offenders. Also, the process by which a negative or deviant label is imposed

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Moral enterprise

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Efforts made by an interest group to have its sense of propriety enacted into law.

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Stigmatic shaming

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A form of shaming, imposed as a sanction by criminal justice system, that is thought to destroy the moral bond between the offender and the community

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Reintegrative shaming

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A form of shaming, imposed as a sanction by the criminal justice system, that is thought to strengthen the moral bond between the offender and the community

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Social Control Theories

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Perspectives predicting that when social constraints on anti-social behaviour are weakened or absent, delinquent behaviour emerges. Rather than stressing causative factors in criminal behaviour, social control theory asks why people actually obey rules instead of breaking them

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Containment theory

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A form of control theory that suggests a series of both internal and external factors contributes to law-abiding behaviour.

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Containment

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Aspects of the social bond that act as a stabilizing force to prevent individuals from committing crimes and that keep them from engaging in deviance.

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What did Walter C. Reckless say about external containment?

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Reckless wrote that _________ containment consists of "holding power of the group [like] the society, the state, the tribe, [and the family, etc,] are able to hold the individual withing the bounds of the accepted norms and expectations."

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What did Walter C. Reckless say about inner containment?

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Reckless stated that _________ containment "represents the ability of the person to follow the expected norms, to direct himself."

- A good tolerance for frustration all control behaviour in the face of criminal pressure.

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Hirschi (1969) discussed the importance of bonds to prosocial groups in controlling behaviour. The (4) bonds are?

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1. Attachment

2. Commitment

3. Involvement

4. Belief

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Social bond

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The link, created through socialization, between individuals and the society of which they are a part

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Social development perspective

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An integrated view of human development that examines multiple maturation levels simultaneously, including psychological, biological, familial, interpersonal, cultural, societal, and ecological levels

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Social capital

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The number of positive relationships with other persons and social institutions that individuals build up over the course of their lives.

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Cohort analysis

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A social scientific technique that studies a population that shares common characteristics over time. A type of social scientific technique that usually begins at birth and traces the development of cohort members until they reach a certain

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Cohort

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A group of individuals sharing certain significant social characteristics, such as gender and time and place of birth.

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Evolutionary

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An approach to understanding crime that draws attention to the ways of people develop over the course of their lives