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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 types of muscle |
1. Skeletal 2. Smooth 3. Cardiac |
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Where is smooth muscle mainly found? |
Inside the walls your hollow organs and tubes (i.e. stomach and intestines) |
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Whats the difference between a tendon and a ligament? |
Tendon: Muscle to bone Ligament: Bone to bone |
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Define synergistically? |
Multiple muscles working together to accomplish action |
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Whats the origin of a muscle? (define) |
Usually more proximal; Immovable parts |
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Whats the insertion of a muscle? (define) |
Usually more distal, causing the action |
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What are the two actions of a muscle? (define) |
Agonist: Contracting to cause action Antagonist: Relaxing to allow action |
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What are the 4 types of the muscle properties? |
1. contract or to shorten 2. Stretch or to still generate force 3. recoil 4. Electrically excitable |
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Type of muscle: Skeletal (define) |
- striated - voluntary - motor movement - locomotion - facial expression |
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Type of muscle: Smooth (define) |
- Involuntary - (i.e. Endocrine system) - Autonomic nervous system |
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Type of muscle: Cardiac (define) |
- Only found in the heart - Cross between smooth and skeletal - Involuntary - Autonomic Nervous system |
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What is the description of a muscle cell |
- Cyndrical (large or small in diameter) - Large - Multinucleated (located on perimeter) |
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Define muscle |
Made up of bundles (Fasiciuli) of muscle cells/fibers |
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Whats an endomyseium? |
Individual muscle fibers |
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Whats perimyseium? |
Covers the fasiciuli |
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Whats epimyseium? |
Covers the muscle, ends of muscle thickens and becomes tendon |
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Whats the difference between myo- and sarc- |
Myo- Muscles relating to muscles Sarc- Fleshy |
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Sacrolemma in muscles is similar to what in a cell? |
Plasma membrane |
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Sacroplasmic Reticulum in muscles is similar to what in a cell? |
Smooth ER |
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Sacroplasm in muscles is similar to what in a cell? |
Cytoplasm |
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Whats the difference between thin and thick myofilaments? |
Thin: Is full of actin (g/f-actin) Thick: Full of myosin and ATP-ase (splits ATP apart) |
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Whats the 3 parts to trophomyosin? |
1. Actin attachment 2. Tropomyosin attachment 3. Binds calcium |
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Whats a sacromere? |
Basic repeating unit of a muscle |
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What are Z-disks made out of? |
Boundaries of sacromeres |
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Whats the sliding filament theory? |
Myofilaments that make up a sarcomere slide each other and shorten the sarcomere |
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Whats the milivolts (mV) of skeletal muscle in its resting membrane potential? |
-85mV |
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What contributes to resting membrane potential? |
The potassium (and sodium) gradients. Transports 2 potassium ions inside and 3 sodium ions outside at the cost of 1 ATP molecule. |
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Whats the activation process and how does it work? |
- also known as "activation potential" 1. starts with cell at rest (-85mV) with stimulation 2. Ligand gated Na+ channel 3. Sodium enters inside cell 4. Charges go inside cell and goes positive 5. Then, voltage gated Na channel opens 6. Send the inside of a cell positive (depolarized) 7. voltage gated Na channels close and ligand 8. Voltage gated K+ channels open 9. Na+/K+ pump cleans up and reestablishes gradient |
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How does signal strength work? |
It is accomplished by a p-frequency |
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Whats a synapse? |
Transfer of info from nerve to the target |
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What's a neurotransmitter? |
A chemical made in axon terminal released into synaptic cleft |
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What does ligand gated channels open? |
Na+ channels and enters the cell and becomes positive |
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What happens with rigamortis? |
Lack of ATP |
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What happens when Ca is released from sarcomere and binds to troponin? |
The tropomyosin out of the way so myosin can bind |
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What happens when ATP use in muscle contraction? |
1. Power contraction 2. Recovery 3. Lack of ATP causes cross bridges to keep hold 4. Na/K pumps and Ca pumps |
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Why are the movements fluid? |
-b/c multiple nerves firing all at once, but slightly offset and are made of fast/slow twitch fibers |
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What are motor neurons? |
Specialized nerve cells that stimulate muscles to contract |
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What are T-tubules (transverse tubules)? |
Run along the surface of the sarcolemma are many tubelike invaginations of the sacrolemma |
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What is the cross bridge cycling? |
To which heads of the myosin molecules are attached to slide over the surface of the myosin head releases from the actin and returns to its original position. |
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Whats a power strokes? |
Movement of the myosin molecule while the cross bridge is attached |
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Whats the recovery stroke? |
Return of the myosin head to its original position after cross bridge released |
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How does muscle relaxation work? |
1. Its a passive process 2. decrease in Ca in sarcoplasm and acetylchonine in synaptic cleft 3. Once splits, acet. acetic diffuses and choline gets sucked into nerve and paired with another acet. 4. Muscle length dictates how well it contracts and force generated |
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Whats a muscle twitch? |
One contraction/relaxation cycle from one single muscle fiber (no work is done) |
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What is the myasthenia gravis? |
Nerves attack receptors; form of paralysis (auto-immune) |
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What are the two ways to control muscle work? |
1. Summation 2. Recruitment |
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Whats the difference between summation and recruitment? |
Summ: Changes the internal enviorment of the cell Rec: (Motor units) increase the # of muscle fibers contracting increasing forces |
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Whats the differences in the motor unit sizes? |
Big: One neuron controlling multiple fibers, large muscles movements small: Few muscle fibers innervated by a single neuron (fine motor control) |
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Whats a treppe? |
An increase in muscle tension with time and the same number of stimulus |
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Whats happens in a treppe? |
1. With each stimulation, Ca is released 2. Increasing overall concentration of Ca in sarcoplasm |
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What are the 4 types of stimulus? |
1. Subthreshold stimulus 2. Threshold Stimulus 3. Submaximal Stimuli 4. Maximal stimulus |
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What are the types of tetnus? |
1. incomplete 2. complete |
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Whats the difference between incomplete and complete tetnus? |
Incomplete: Muscles start to relax Complete: No relaxation, always tense |
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What happens with tetnus? |
- Increase motor units firing - Lag time between sarcoma and contraction - Increase in Ca in sacroplasm |
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What are the 4 types of muscle contraction? |
1. Isometric 2. Isotonic 3. Concentric 4. Eccentric |
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Whats the difference between isometric and isotonic? |
Isometric: Muscle generates force without changing length Isotonic: Muscle generates force with a change in length |
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Whats the difference between concentric and eccentric? |
Conc: Muscle shortens Ecc: Muscle lengthens |
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Whats a muscle ton? |
Motor units firing slightly off from each other so muscles that aren't being used have some tone. |
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How does muscle fatigue work? |
1. Starts with a huge ATP demand, creatine will donate P to ADP to make ATP 2. Anaerobic respiration (O2 hate) and glucose converts to pyruvates and you make for ATP 3. Aerobic respiration (O2 love) finally makes up 36 ATP and gluclose |
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Whats hypertrophy? |
Individual muscle grows due to training |
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How does recovery work AFTER exercise? |
The body owes O2 and reforms/reestablishes creatine and phosphate stores |
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What are the two types of muscle fibers? |
Slow twitch and fast twitch fibers |
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Whats the differences between the muscle fibers? |
Slow: ATPase speeds up, cross bridge cycling speeds up and increase demand for ATP, mitochondria, blood supply and myoglobin Fast: ATPase slows down, making cross bridge cycling slow down, decreasing demand for ATP |
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Which muscle fiber is better for aerobic respiration and has smaller diameter fibers? |
Slow twitch fibers |
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Which muscle fiber is known for having short burst activity? |
Fast twitch fibers |
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Whats atrophy? |
Muscles decreasing in diameter due to lack of use |
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What are the 4 common effects of aging skeletal muscle? |
1. Atrophy 2. Increase in synaptic cleft distance 3. Decrease in motor units 4. Loss of fine motor control |
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What are the 2 type of smooth muscle? |
1. Viseral 2. Mulitunit |
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Whats an autorhythmic qualities? |
Doesn't need neutral input |
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What are the common ways of smooth muscle? |
1. Contract in response to stretch 2. Maintain tension with increased length 3. Most abundant 4. Actin/myosin is scattered and attached dense body |
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Whats a caveolae? |
Shallow indents in sarcolemma |
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What happens during the steps of contraction of smooth muscle? |
1. Signal travels along the sarcoma into caveoloe 2. Voltage gated Ca channel opens and Ca enters cell 3. Find the SR and signals release of more Ca 4. Ca binds to calmodulin, and once activated it turns on myosin kinase (attaches to phosphate to myosin heads) |
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What does a myosin phosphate do? |
Removes the phosphate |
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Whats the differences between visceral and multiunit? |
Visceral: Sheets of gap junction that acts in unison mainly Multiunit: Act out of sync from each other |
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What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle? |
- intercollated disks - One nucleus - Actin/Myosin |
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Describe the action potential of smooth muscle |
1. Its resting membrane is -55milivolts 2. Has types of leak/open/close channels made of Na/Ca 3. Neurontransmitters can open or close channels 4. Nerves and hormones can make a membrane more sensitive or less sensitive |
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Whats the strongest muscle in the body?
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Tounge
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What does acectylcholine break into in muscles?
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Acetic acid and chloine
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What gives people the couch potato reflex?
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The lack of acectlycholine
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What are the 4 types of skeletal muscle fibers?
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1. Type 1 2. Type 2a 3. Type 2b 4. Type x |
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Whats Type 1 muscle fibers?
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Contract slow, high resistance to fatigue, low power, uses triglycerides for fuel and consumes lactic acid
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What happens with type 2a muscle fibers?
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Contract moderately fast, high resistance to fatigue, medium power, produces lactic acid and creatine phosphate
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What happens with type 2b muscle fibers?
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Contract fast, moderate resistance to fatigue, high power, consumes creatine phosphate, uses ATP, glycogen
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What happens with type x muscle fibers?
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Contract very fast, low resistance to fatigue, consume creatine phosphate
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