Chapter 9: Language, Thought, Intelligence

Front 1

Language

Back 1

A system for communicating with others using signals that are combined according to rules of grammar and convey meaning

Front 2

Grammar

Back 2

A set of rules that specify how the units of language can be combined to produce meaningful messages

Front 3

Phonemes

Back 3

The smallest unit of sound that is recognizable as speech rather than as random noise

Front 4

Phonological rules

Back 4

A set of rules that indicate how phonemes can be combined to produce speech sounds

Front 5

Morphemes

Back 5

The smallest meaningful units of language

Front 6

Morphological rules

Back 6

A set of rules that indicate how morphemes can be combined to form words

Front 7

Syntactical rules

Back 7

A set of rules that indicate how words can be combined to form phrases and sentences

Front 8

Deep structured

Back 8

The meaning of a sentence

Front 9

Surface structure

Back 9

How a sentence is worded

Front 10

Fast mapping

Back 10

A phenomenon whereby children can map a word onto an underlying concept after only a single exposure

Front 11

Telegraphic speech

Back 11

Speech that is devoid of function morphemes and consists mostly of content words

Front 12

Nativist theory

Back 12

The view that language development is best explained as an innate, biological capacity

Front 13

Genetic dysphasia

Back 13

A syndrome characterized by an inability to learn the grammatical structure of language despite having otherwise normal intelligence

Front 14

Aphasia

Back 14

Difficulty in producing or comprehending language

Front 15

Broca's area

Back 15

Located in the left frontal cortex; involved in the production of the sequential patterns in vocal and sign languages

Front 16

Wernicke's area

Back 16

Located in the left temporal cortex; involved in language comprehension (spoken or signed)

Front 17

Concept

Back 17

A mental representation that groups or categorizes shared features of related objects, events, or other stimuli

Front 18

Family resemblance theory

Back 18

The theory that members of a category have features that appear to be characteristic of category members but may not be possessed by every member

Front 19

Prototype

Back 19

The "best" or "most typical member" of a category

Front 20

Exemplar theory

Back 20

A theory of characterization that argues that we make category judgments by comparing a new instance with stored memories for other instances of the category

Front 21

Category-specific deficit

Back 21

An inability to recognize objects that belong to a particular category although the ability to recognize objects outside the category is undisturbed

Front 22

Rational choice theory

Back 22

The classical view that we make decisions by determining how likely something is to happen, judging the value of the outcome, and then multiplying by two

Front 23

Frequency format hypothesis

Back 23

The proposal that our minds evolved to notice how frequently things occur, not how likely they are to occur

Front 24

Availability bias

Back 24

The tendency to mistakenly judge items that are more readily available in memory as having occurred more frequently

Front 25

Conjunction fallacy

Back 25

An error that occurs when people think that two events are more likely to occur together than either individual event

Front 26

Representativeness heuristic

Back 26

A mental shortcut that involves making a probability judgment by comparing an object or event to a prototype of the object or event

Front 27

Framing effects

Back 27

Phenomena that occur when people give different answers to the same problem depending on how the problem is phrased (or frames)

Front 28

Sunk-cost fallacy

Back 28

A framing effect in which people make decisions about a current situation based on what they have previously invested in the situation

Front 29

Prospect theory

Back 29

The proposal that people choose to take risks when evaluating potential losses and avoid risks when evaluating potential gains

Front 30

Intelligence

Back 30

The ability to direct one's thinking, adapt to one's circumstances, and learn from one's experiences

Front 31

Ratio IQ

Back 31

A statistic obtained by dividing a persons mental age by the persons physical age and then multiplying the quotient by 100

Front 32

Deviation IQ

Back 32

A statistic obtained by dividing a persons test score by the average test score of people in the same age group and then multiplying the quotient by 100

Front 33

Two-factor theory of intelligence

Back 33

Spearman's theory suggesting that every task requires a combination of a general ability and skills that are separated to the task

Front 34

Fluid intelligence

Back 34

The ability to see abstract relationships and draw logical inferences

Front 35

Crystallized intelligence

Back 35

The ability to retain and use knowledge that was acquired through experience

Front 36

Prodigies

Back 36

People of normal intelligence who have an extraordinary ability

Front 37

Savants

Back 37

People of low intelligence who have an extraordinary ability

Front 38

Emotional intelligence

Back 38

The ability to reason about emotions and to use emotions to enhance reasoning

Front 39

Fraternal twins

Back 39

Twins who develop from two different eggs that were fertilized by two different sperm

Front 40

Identical twins

Back 40

Twins who develop from the splitting of a single egg that was fertilized by a single sperm

Front 41

Shred environment

Back 41

Those environmental factors that are experienced by all relevant members of a household

Front 42

Nonshared environment

Back 42

Those environmental factors that are not experienced by all relevant members of a household