Chapter 9: Humanistic, Existential, And Positive Aspects Of Personality

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Existentialism

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area of philosophy concerned with the meaning of human existence

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being-in-the-world

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existentialist's idea that the self cannot exist without a world and the world cannot exist without a person/being to perceive it

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positivism

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focuses on the laws that govern the behaviour of objects in the world

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subjective view

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the world changes as people’s ideas about it change

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phenomenological view

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concept that we see things through our own perceptions and these things are considered valid data for investigation

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Rollo May

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Anxiety
spent a lot of time in tuberculosis hospital and his illness caused him to think about mortality and things that are important in life

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Anxiety

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Rollo May
saw anxiety as triggered by a threat to one's core values of existence
sense of powerlessness is often key
focuses on the anxiety that must accompany an attempt to live life to its fullest

Front 8

Victor Frankl

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emphasizes benefits of personal choice
He survived the Auschwitz concentration camp – he found meaning in his suffering which allowed him to keep living
developed logotherapy

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Logotherapy

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developed by Victor Frankl - the search for the meaning of existence, emphasizes importance of choosing to find meaning in life

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humanism

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emphasizes the personal worth of an individual and importance of human values, focuses on direct and mutual relations

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I-Thou Dialogue

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describes the direct, mutual relationship in which each individual confirms the other person as a unique being

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I-It Monologue

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describes the utilitarian relationship in which a person uses others but does not value them for themselves

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Erich Fromm's view of love

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says love is an art - love requires knowledge, effort, experience

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Dialectical Humanism

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Erich Fromm’s approach to personality which tries to reconcile the biological, driven side of human beings and the pressures of societal structure by focusing on the belief that people can rise above or transcend these forces and become spontaneous, creative, and loving

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Carl Rogers

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believed that people must take on responsibility for themselves with a supportive psychosocial environment

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Rogerian Therapy

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developed Carl Rogers - client-oriented psychotherapy in which the therapist tends to be supportive, nondirective, and empathetic, showing unconditional positive regard

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unconditional positive regard

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loving person no matter what, accepting differences, but does not mean you tolerate unacceptable behaviour, provide affection and support no matter what

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techniques used in Rogerian therapy

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active listening, mirroring, reflection of feelings, paraphrasing

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congruence

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being honest and real

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Abraham Maslow

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self-actualization, hierarchy of needs

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self-actualization

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innate process by which one tends to grow spiritually and realize one’s potential

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teleology

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idea that there is a grand design or purpose to one’s life

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peak experiences

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powerful, meaningful experiences a in which people seem to transcend the self, be at one with the world, and feel completely self-fulfilled (I.e. hiking up a mountain)

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personal observation inventory (POI)

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way to measure self-actualization - self-report questionnaire that asks people to classify themselves on a number of dimensions for the various characteristics of self-actualization or mental health

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Hierarchy of Needs

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Maslow separated needs into 2 categories and arranged the needs on a hierarchy - D-needs and B-motives

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Deficiency needs "D-needs"

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essential needs for surivival - physiological, safety, love and belongingness, esteem needs

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"Being level "B-motives"

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self-actualization

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subjective well-being

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what individuals think of their own level of happiness or their quality of life - people who see things as always working out for the best are happiest

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positive psychology

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movement in modern psychology that focuses on positive attributes rather than on pathology

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First world/American Paradox

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contemporary situation where we have material abundance on one hand and have psychological depression and social recession on another

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possible solutions for American Paradox:

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altruism, fidelity, family, community, and spirituality

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Advantages of Humanistic, Existential, and Positive Aspects

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Relatively non-threatening
Looks at holistic nature of person
Unique individuality of person
Looks to find strength in people, not pathology

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Disadvantages of Humanistic, Existential, and Positive Aspects

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Lack of directiveness
May not be as helpful for some disorders
May not be helpful for people with severe problems
Does not work well with people who lack a conscience

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Humanistic, Existential, and Positive Aspects' View of Free Will

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free will is essential to being human