Chapter 9 And 10

Front 1

dense connective tissue that binds a large number of fascicles which sheathes entire muscle

Back 1

epimysium

Front 2

thin filaments

Back 2

actin

Front 3

thick filaments

Back 3

myosin

Front 4

sarcolemma indents into muscle cell at junctions of A and I bands forming what?

Back 4

reverse tubule (T tubule) which run deep into muscle cell between cross channels, or terminal cisternae, of the elaborate smooth endoplasmic reticulum called sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

Front 5

What are SR terminal cisternae called that abut a T tubule on each side?

Back 5

triads

Front 6

muscle fibers are enclosed in delicate, areolar connective tissue sheath called?

Back 6

endomysium

Front 7

several sheathed muscle fibers wrapped by perimysium, forming bundle of fibers called what?

Back 7

fascicle, or fasciculus

Front 8

epimysia blend into deep fascia, coarser sheets of dense connective tissue that bind muscles into functional groups and into strong cordlike tendons or sheetlike _______, which attach muscles to each other or indirectly to bones

Back 8

aponeuroses

Front 9

muscles movable attachment is ________and fixed attachment is _______?

Back 9

insertion

origin

Front 10

What is the time in which cross bridges are active called?

Back 10

the period of contraction

Front 11

what are striations caused by?

Back 11

myofibril arrangement

Front 12

What is the effect of the neurotransmitter (acetylcholine) on the muscle cell membrane?

Back 12

to modify its permeability properties temporarily

Front 13

Why are the connective tissue wrappings of skeletal muscle important? three reasons.

Back 13

bundle the muscle fibers together, increasing coordination of their activity, add strength to the muscle provide a route for entry and exit of blood vessels and nerves to the muscle fibers

Front 14

Flexor carpi ulnaris flexes the what?

Back 14

wrist

Front 15

The transversus abdominis functions mainly in what?

Back 15

compression of the abdominal contents

Front 16

sternocleidomastoid muscle attaches to what?

Back 16

the sternum, clavicle, and mastoid process

Front 17

Which fibers are stretched and relaxed when a prime mover is active?

Back 17

antagonist fibers

Front 18

What separates the neuron and muscle fiber membranes?

Back 18

synaptic cleft

Front 19

What is the connective tissue ensheathing a bundle of muscle cells?

Back 19

perimysium

Front 20

Which fibers are stretched and relaxed when a prime mover is active?

Back 20

antagonist fibers

Front 21

Before a muscle cell can be stimulated to contract again, what must occur?

Back 21

repolarization

Front 22

WHat does the extensor hallucis longus do?

Back 22

extends the great toe

Front 23

The serratus anterior is known as what?

Back 23

the boxer muscle

Front 24

fibers that depend on oxygen delivery and aerobic mechanisms

Back 24

Slow (oxidative), fatigue-resistant fibers

Front 25

a neuron and all the muscle cells it stimulates make up the functional structure called what?

Back 25

the motor unit

Front 26

What is a resting potential caused by?

Back 26

a difference in the concentration of certain ions inside and outside the cell.

Front 27

Bundled together, myofilaments form what?

Back 27

myofibrils

Front 28

What movements are the group of muscles which cross elbow joint and move forearm responsible for?

Back 28

flexion, extension, pronation, and supination

Front 29

Both actin and myosin are found in which band?

Back 29

A band

Front 30

What function does G actin have?

Back 30

bearing the active sites to which the myosin heads attach during contraction.

Front 31

What are the indentations of the sarcolemma into the muscle cell at junctions of A and I bands forming reverse tubule (T tubule) which run deep into muscle cell between cross channels, or terminal cisternae, of the elaborate smooth endoplasmic reticulum called?

Back 31

sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

Front 32

Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis does what where?

Back 32

extends and abducts the wrist

Front 33

What regulates the prime mover by providing resistance?

Back 33

antagonist

Front 34

Contraction of muscle in which the muscle contracts as it lengthens

Back 34

Eccentric contraction

Front 35

What are inside axon terminals?

Back 35

many mitochondria and vesicles containing neurotransmitter chemical called acetylcholine (Ach)

Front 36

Which fibers are stretched and relaxed when a prime mover is active?

Back 36

antagonist fibers

Front 37

Type of fibers that have few mitochondria

Back 37

fast glycolitic fibers

Front 38

What is a resting potential caused by?

Back 38

a difference in the concentration of certain ions inside and outside the cell.

Front 39

muscles primarily responsible for producing a particular movement

Back 39

prime movers or agonist

Front 40

What is the area where SR terminal cisternae abut a T tubule on each side called?

Back 40

triads

Front 41

A contraction in which the muscle does not shorten but its tension increases is called what?

Back 41

isometric

Front 42

Powerful wrist flexors that also stabilize the wrist during finger extension is what?

Back 42

the flexor carpi ulnaris

Front 43

Extensor pollicis longus and brevis does what?

Back 43

extends the thumb

Front 44

muscles that oppose or reverse a movement

Back 44

antagonist

Front 45

Neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction

Back 45

Acetylcholine

Front 46

What is always present in the synaptic cleft of a neuromuscular junction?

Back 46

acetylcholinesterase

Front 47

When a motor neuron fires, what happens to all of the muscle fibers?

Back 47

contract

Front 48

What is the dense connective tissue that binds a large number of fascicles which sheathes entire muscle called?

Back 48

epimysium

Front 49

Flexor digitorum profundus is a what?

Back 49

slow-acting finger flexor.

Front 50

The tibialis posterior muscle works towards what?

Back 50

plantar flexion

Front 51

What are inside axon terminals?

Back 51

many mitochondria and vesicles containing neurotransmitter chemical called acetylcholine (Ach)

Front 52

What does the extensor hallucis longus do?

Back 52

extends the great toe.

Front 53

Ability to be stretched or extended

Back 53

extensibility

Front 54

What is the area where SR terminal cisternae abut a T tubule on each side called?

Back 54

triads

Front 55

What regulates the prime mover by providing resistance?

Back 55

antagonist

Front 56

Oxygen storage molecules in muscle

Back 56

Myoglobin

Front 57

Which group of muscles cross shoulder joint to insert on humerus and move arm are trunk muscles that originate on the axial skeleton or shoulder girdle

Back 57

subscapularis, supraspinatus and infraspinatus, deltoid

Front 58

Contraction of muscle in which the muscle contracts as it lengthens

Back 58

Eccentric contraction

Front 59

Smooth muscles that act like skeletal muscles but are controlled by autonomic nerves and hormones are what?

Back 59

multiunit muscles

Front 60

Flexor carpi ulnaris flexes the what?

Back 60

wrist

Front 61

junction between a nerve fiber (axon) and muscle cell

Back 61

neuromuscular, or myoneural, junction

Front 62

What muscle has a convergent arrangement of fascicles?

Back 62

The pectoralis major

Front 63

The transversus abdominis functions mainly in what?

Back 63

compression of the abdominal contents

Front 64

Bundled together, myofilaments form what?

Back 64

myofibrils

Front 65

The anconeus muscle abducts what during forearm pronation?

Back 65

the ulna

Front 66

What is the force of muscle contraction controlled by?

Back 66

multiple motor unit summation or recruitment.

Front 67

very fast-acting myosin ATPases and depend upon anaerobic metabolism during contraction

Back 67

Fast (oxidative or glycolytic), fatigable fibers

Front 68

What antagonist can also be prime movers?

Back 68

biceps muscle (prime mover of elbow flexion) is antagonized by triceps (prime mover of elbow extension)

Front 69

has only one nucleus, no sarcomeres, and no gap junctions

Back 69

multiunit smooth muscle

Front 70

flexor digitorum longus flexes what?

Back 70

the toes

Front 71

The serratus anterior is known as what?

Back 71

the boxer muscle

Front 72

Type of fibers that have few mitochondria

Back 72

Fast glycolytic fibers

Front 73

What is the time in which cross bridges are active called?

Back 73

the period of contraction

Front 74

Which group of muscles cross elbow joint and move forearm?

Back 74

muscles forming musculature of humerus. They arise from humerus and insert in forearm bones

Front 75

Fibers that contain abundant amounts of glycogen

Back 75

Fast (oxidative or glycolytic), fatigable fiber

Front 76

teres major is a synergist of the what? What does it do?

Back 76

latissimus dorsi; it extends, medially rotates, and adducts the humerus.

Front 77

What function does G actin have?

Back 77

bearing the active sites to which the myosin heads attach during contraction.

Front 78

What is a powerful forearm extensor.

Back 78

triceps brachii

Front 79

Flexor digitorum profundus is a what?

Back 79

slow-acting finger flexor.

Front 80

What happens to the H zones when a muscle fiber contracts?

Back 80

they disappear

Front 81

teres major is a synergist of the what? What does it do?

Back 81

latissimus dorsi; it extends, medially rotates, and adducts the humerus.

Front 82

High energy compound in muscle

Back 82

creatine phosphate

Front 83

Type of fibers that have few mitochondria

Back 83

Fast glycolytic fibers

Front 84

The anconeus muscle abducts what during forearm pronation?

Back 84

the ulna

Front 85

Which group of muscles cross elbow joint and move forearm?

Back 85

muscles forming musculature of humerus. They arise from humerus and insert in forearm bones

Front 86

a sprint by an Olympic runner represents the use of which fibers?

Back 86

red

Front 87

The transversus abdominis functions mainly in what?

Back 87

compression of the abdominal contents

Front 88

What is used for maintaining posture, stabilizing joints, and generating heat.

Back 88

Some muscle contraction

Front 89

What are thick filaments called?

Back 89

myosin

Front 90

Before a muscle cell can be stimulated to contract again, what must occur?

Back 90

repolarization

Front 91

What helps keep food between the grinding surfaces of the teeth during chewing?

Back 91

The buccinator

Front 92

Type of fibers that have few mitochondria

Back 92

Fast glycolytic fibers

Front 93

The I band contains only which filaments?

Back 93

actin (thin) filaments

Front 94

What are the indentations of the sarcolemma into the muscle cell at junctions of A and I bands forming reverse tubule (T tubule) which run deep into muscle cell between cross channels, or terminal cisternae, of the elaborate smooth endoplasmic reticulum called?

Back 94

sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

Front 95

What runs at right angles to the axis of the muscle.

Back 95

transversus fibers

Front 96

Smooth muscle appears to lack what?

Back 96

troponin, sarcomeres

Front 97

Special 4 characteristics of muscle are?

Back 97

excitability, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity

Front 98

Contraction of the muscle in which the muscle shortens and does work

Back 98

concentric contraction

Front 99

masseter is what?

Back 99

the main chewing muscle.

Front 100

What is the force of muscle contraction controlled by?

Back 100

multiple motor unit summation or recruitment.

Front 101

The I band contains only which filaments?

Back 101

actin filaments

Front 102

What muscle has a convergent arrangement of fascicles?

Back 102

The pectoralis major

Front 103

What antagonist can also be prime movers?

Back 103

biceps muscle (prime mover of elbow flexion) is antagonized by triceps (prime mover of elbow extension)

Front 104

used in smiling

Back 104

zygomaticus major and minor

Front 105

used to suck in your cheeks

Back 105

buccinator

Front 106

used in blinking and squinting

Back 106

orbicularis oculi

Front 107

used to pout (pulls the corners of the mouth downward)

Back 107

depressor labii inferioris

Front 108

raises your eyebrows for a questioning expression

Back 108

frontalis

Front 109

used to form the vertical frown crease on the forehead

Back 109

corrugator supercili

Front 110

your kisser

Back 110

obicularis oris

Front 111

prime mover to raise the lower jawbone

Back 111

masseter

Front 112

tenses skin of the neck during shaving

Back 112

platysma

Front 113

commonly used for intramuscular injections (three muscles).

Back 113

Deltoid or
Vastus lateralis or
Gluteus Maximus or
Gluteus Medius

Front 114

The insertion tendon of the ________ group contains a large sesamoid bone, the patella.

Back 114

quadriceps

Front 115

The triceps surae insert in common into the __________ tendon.

Back 115

calcaneal or achilles

Front 116

The bulk of the tissue of a muscle tends to lie __________ to the part of the body it causes to move.

Back 116

proximal

Front 117

The extrinsic muscles of the hand originate on the 1.__________, 2.__________, and 3.__________.

Back 117

humerus
radius
ulna

Front 118

Most flexor muscles are located on the 1.__________ aspect of the body; most extensors are located 2.__________. An exception to this generalization is the extensor-flexor musculature of the 3.__________.

Back 118

anterior
posteriorly
knee

Front 119

protrudes lower lip; wrinkles chin

Back 119

mentalis

Front 120

perpendicualr cross channels at the A and-I band junctions are what?

Back 120

terminl cisternae and always occur in pairs

Front 121

What is the major role of SR?

Back 121

regulate intracellular levels of ionic calcium

Front 122

closes mouth; purses and protrudes lips (kissing and whistling)

Back 122

orbicularis oris

Front 123

draws corner of mouth laterally; compresses cheek holds food bertween teeth during chewing

Back 123

buccinator

Front 124

raises and furrows upper lip; opens lips

Back 124

levator labii superioris

Front 125

draws corner of lip laterally; tenses lip; zygomaticus synergist

Back 125

risorius

Front 126

various parts can be activated individually; closes eyees, produces blinking, squinting and draws eyebrows inferiorly

Back 126

orbicularis oculi

Front 127

draws eyebrows medially and inferiorly; wrinkles skin of forehead vertically

Back 127

corrugator supercilii

Front 128

draws lower lip inferiorly

Back 128

depressor labii inferioris