Chapter 9 - A Breath Of Fresh Air

Front 1

The body system that brings oxygen from the air into the body for delivery via the blood in the cells.

Back 1

Respiratory System

Front 2

The diffusion of gases between the atmosphere and the cells of the body.

Back 2

Respiration

Front 3

The gas exchange between the blood and the cells.

Back 3

Internal or Cellular Respiration

Front 4

The absorption of atmospheric oxygen by the blood in the lungs and the diffusion of carbon dioxide from the blood in the lungs to atmospheric air.

Back 4

External Respiration

Front 5

The intake of fresh air.

Back 5

Ventilation

Front 6

Breathing.

Back 6

Ventilation

Front 7

Devices that aid in breathing.

Back 7

Ventilators (NOT respirators)

Front 8

Consists of the nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, and larynx.

Back 8

Upper Respiratory Tract

Front 9

Consists of the trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs.

Back 9

Lower Respiratory Tract

Front 10

Open to the outside and are lined with mucous membranes that may or may not have cilia to help filter the air.

Back 10

Upper Respiratory Tract

Front 11

The combing forms for nose.

Back 11

Nas/o and Rhin/o

Front 12

The rigidity of the nose in swine has led to its being called the...

Back 12

Snout

Front 13

Paired external openings of the respiratory tract.

Back 13

Nostrils or Nares

Front 14

Warm - blooded animals.

Back 14

Endotherms

Front 15

Conchae

Back 15

Nasal Turbinates

Front 16

Scroll - like cartilages covered with highly vascular mucous membranes.

Back 16

Nasal Turbinates

Front 17

Two nasal turbinates that separate the nasal cavity into passages.

Back 17

Dorsal and Ventral

Front 18

Passages in the nasal cavity.

Back 18

Meatus

Front 19

Combining form for opening or passageway.

Back 19

Meat/o

Front 20

The four passages that separate the nasal cavity.

Back 20

Dorsal meatus, middle meatus, ventral meatus, and common meatus

Front 21

Of, relating to, affecting, or consisting of a vessel; especially those that carry blood.

Back 21

Vascular

Front 22

The Greek root for nose.

Back 22

Rhin/o

Front 23

Word meaning horn.

Back 23

Cer/o

Front 24

A tube that passes through the nose down to the stomach.

Back 24

Nasogastric Tube

Hint 24

Placed through the ventral nasal meatus.

Front 25

The rostral part of the nostrils and nasal cavity.

Back 25

Vestibule

Front 26

A wall of cartilage dividing the nose.

Back 26

Nasal Septum

Front 27

The combining form meaning partition.

Back 27

Sept/o

Front 28

A specialized form of epithelial tissue.

Back 28

Mucous Membrane

Hint 28

Lines the respiratory system & secretes mucus.

Front 29

A slimelike substance that is composed of glandular secretions, salts, cells, and leukocytes.

Back 29

Mucus

Front 30

Name three things mucus does to the air as it enters the nose.

Back 30

Moistens, warms, and filters.

Front 31

Thin hairs located inside the nostrils.

Back 31

Cilia

Hint 31

Filters the air to remove debris.

Front 32

The remains of something destroyed or damaged.

Back 32

Debris

Front 33

Responsible for the sense of smell.

Back 33

Olfactory Receptors

Front 34

The combining form meaning smell.

Back 34

Olfact/o

Front 35

Nerve endings located in the mucous membranes of the nasal cavity.

Back 35

Olfactory Receptors

Front 36

Lymphatic tissue that protects the nasal cavity and proximal (upper) throat.

Back 36

Tonsils

Front 37

The combining form for tonsil.

Back 37

Tonsill/o

Front 38

An air-filled or fluid-filled space.

Back 38

Sinus

Front 39

Three functions of sinuses.

Back 39

Provide mucus, make bone lighter, and produce sound.

Front 40

An air-filled or fluid-filled space in bone.

Back 40

Sinus in the respiratory system

Front 41

The combining form for sinus.

Back 41

Sinus/o

Front 42

Common passageway for the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts.

Back 42

Pharynx

Hint 42

Commonly called the throat.

Front 43

Extends from the caudal part of the nasal passages and mouth to the larynx and connects the nasal passages to the larynx and the mouth to the esophagus.

Back 43

Pharynx

Front 44

The combining form for throat.

Back 44

Pharyng/o

Front 45

Portion of the throat posterior to the nasal cavity and above (dorsal to) the soft palate.

Back 45

Nasopharynx

Front 46

Portion of the throat between the soft palate and epiglottis.

Back 46

Oropharynx

Front 47

Portion of the throat below the epiglottis that opens into the voice box and esophagus.

Back 47

Laryngopharynx

Front 48

Passageway for air entering through the nose.

Back 48

Nasopharynx

Front 49

One passageway for air entering through the nose and food entering through the mouth.

Back 49

Oropharynx

Front 50

One passageway for air entering through the nose and food entering through the mouth.

Back 50

Laryngopharynx

Front 51

Moves dorsally and caudally during swallowing to close off the nasopharynx to prevent food from going into the nasal cavity.

Back 51

Soft Palate

Front 52

Means roof of the mouth.

Back 52

Palate

Front 53

Combining form for palate.

Back 53

Palat/o

Front 54

Acts like a lid and covers the larynx during swallowing.

Back 54

Epiglottis

Hint 54

Stops food from entering the trachea and going into the lungs.

Front 55

Combining form for epiglottis.

Back 55

Epiglott/o

Front 56

The part of the respiratory tract located between the pharynx and trachea.

Back 56

Larynx

Hint 56

Commonly called the voice box.

Front 57

What contains the vocal cords?

Back 57

Larynx

Front 58

Paired membranous bands in the larynx that help produce sound.

Back 58

Vocal Cords

Front 59

The combining form for the voice box.

Back 59

Laryng/o

Front 60

The vocal apparatus is found where?

Back 60

Glottis

Front 61

The space between the vocal cords.

Back 61

Glottis

Front 62

The combining form for glottis.

Back 62

Glott/o

Front 63

The vocal apparatus of avian species.

Back 63

Syrinx

Hint 63

Located between the trachea and bronchi.

Front 64

Extends from the neck to the chest, attaching to the larynx in the neck and passing into the thorax.

Back 64

Trachea

Hint 64

Also called windpipe, this cilia filled pipe has air passed through it from the larynx.

Front 65

Chest cavity.

Back 65

Thorax

Front 66

Located ventral to the esophagus, held open by a series of C-shaped cartilaginous rings.

Back 66

Trachea

Hint 66

The open part of these C rings are along the dorsal aspect, adjacent to the esophagus allowing easier expansion when the animal swallows.

Front 67

The combining form for the windpipe.

Back 67

Trache/o

Front 68

The dividing point of the trachea into two branches.

Back 68

Tracheal Bifurcation

Front 69

The branches from the trachea.

Back 69

Bronchi

Front 70

The combining form for bronchi.

Back 70

Bronch/o

Front 71

The bronchi and it's branches are sometimes called the...

Back 71

Bronchial Tree

Front 72

Each bronchus that leads to a separate lung is called...

Back 72

Principal or Primary Bronchus

Hint 72

(right or left principal bronchus)

Front 73

The smaller branches principal bronchi divide into.

Back 73

Secondary Bronchi

Hint 73

AKA Lobar bronchi

Front 74

The smaller units the secondary bronchi divide into.

Back 74

Tertiary Bronchi

Hint 74

AKA Segmental Bronchi or Bronchioles (Bronchiolus)

Front 75

Suffix meaning small.

Back 75

Ole

Front 76

Combining form for bronchiole.

Back 76

Bronchiol/o

Hint 76

Contains no cartilage or glands.

Front 77

The last portion of a bronchiole that does not contain alveoli.

Back 77

Terminal Bronchioles

Front 78

The final branches of the bronchioles.

Back 78

Respiratory Bronchioles

Hint 78

They have alveolar outcroppings and branch into alveolar ducts.

Front 79

Air sacs in which most of the gas exchange occurs.

Back 79

Alveoli

Hint 79

They have thin, flexible membrane walls.

Front 80

A network that surrounds the membrane walls of alveoli.

Back 80

Capillaries

Hint 80

Oxygen diffuses into the blood in them and binds to the hemoglobin in erythrocytes.

Front 81

Liquid that reduces alveolar surface tension.

Back 81

Surfactant

Hint 81

Prevents collapse of the alveoli during expiration.

Front 82

The space/region between the lungs.

Back 82

Mediastinum

Hint 82

Houses the heart, aorta, lymph nodes, esophagus, trachea, part of the bronchial tubes, nerves, thoracic duct, and thymus.

Front 83

Contained within the ribs.

Back 83

Thoracic Cavity

Hint 83

Lungs are located here and it protects them.

Front 84

The combining form for ribs.

Back 84

Cost/o

Front 85

The combining form for chest cavity or chest.

Back 85

Thorac/o

Front 86

The suffix meaning chest cavity or chest.

Back 86

-thorax

Front 87

The main organ of respiration.

Back 87

Lung

Front 88

Divisions; A well-defined portion of an organ and is used in describing areas in the lung, liver, and other organs.

Back 88

Lobes

Front 89

The combining form meaning well-defined portion.

Back 89

Lob/o

Front 90

The combining forms meaning lung or air.

Back 90

Pneum/o, Pneumon/o, Pneu

Front 91

The combining forms meaning lung.

Back 91

Pulm/o, Pulmon/o

Front 92

The functional elements of an organ.

Back 92

Parenchyma

Front 93

The functional elements of the lung collectively.

Back 93

Lung Parenchyma

Front 94

Connective, functionally supportive framework of a biological cell, tissue, or organ.

Back 94

Stroma

Front 95

Membranous sac that the lung is encased in.

Back 95

Pleura

Front 96

The combining form that means membrane surrounding the lung.

Back 96

Pleur/o

Front 97

The plural form of pleura.

Back 97

Pleurae

Front 98

The outer layer of the membrane lining the inner wall of the thoracic cavity.

Back 98

Parietal Pleura

Front 99

The inner layer of the membrane lining the outside of the lung.

Back 99

Visceral Pleura

Front 100

The potential space between the parietal pleura and visceral pleura.

Back 100

Pleural Space

Front 101

Small amount of lubricating fluid contained in the pleural space.

Back 101

Pleural Fluid

Hint 101

Prevents friction when the membranes rub together during respiration. Also provides adhesive force to keep the lungs in contact with the chest wall as it expands during inspiration.

Front 102

Separates the thoracic and peritoneal cavities.

Back 102

Diaphragm

Hint 102

A muscle that causes air pressure in the lungs to drop below atmospheric pressure. - Produces a vacuum to draw in air, and when it relaxes the negative pressure is no longer generated & air is forced out.

Front 103

The prefix meaning across.

Back 103

Dia-

Front 104

Combining form meaning wall.

Back 104

Phragm/o

Front 105

Combining forms meaning diaphragm.

Back 105

Diaphragmat/o and Phren/o

Front 106

An abnormal displacement of organs through the muscle separating the chest and abdomen.

Back 106

Diaphragmatic Hernia

Front 107

Innervates (supplies with nerves) the diaphragm.

Back 107

Phrenic Nerve

Front 108

Dorsal part of skull between nasal cavity and orbit.

Back 108

Frontal

Hint 108

Found in all domestic species.

Front 109

Maxilla with nasal cavity on each side. (Maxillary recess in carnivores)

Back 109

Maxillary

Hint 109

Found in all domestic species.

Front 110

Sphenoid bone; opens to nasal cavity

Back 110

Sphenoid

Hint 110

Found in bovine, feline, equine, swine.

Front 111

Palatine bone; communicates with maxillary sinus.

Back 111

Palatine

Hint 111

Found in ruminants, equine.

Front 112

Lacrimal bone

Back 112

Lacrimal

Hint 112

Found in swine, ruminants.

Front 113

Formed by enclosure of conchae.

Back 113

Conchal

Hint 113

Found in swine, ruminants, equine.

Front 114

Absence of breathing.

Back 114

Apnea

Front 115

The Greek word that refers to breathing.

Back 115

-pnea

Hint 115

(kinda a suffix...)

Front 116

The inhalation and exhalation of air.

Back 116

Breathing

Front 117

The drawing in of breath.

Back 117

Inhalation

Hint 117

AKA Inspiration

Front 118

The release of breath.

Back 118

Exhalation

Hint 118

AKA Expiration

Front 119

Meaning "to breathe" in Latin.

Back 119

Spirare

Front 120

The combining form meaning breath or breathing.

Back 120

Spir/o

Front 121

Difficult or labored breathing.

Back 121

Dyspnea

Front 122

Abnormally slow respiratory rates.

Back 122

Bradypnea

Front 123

Abnormally rapid respiratory rates.

Back 123

Tachypnea

Front 124

Abnormal increase in the rate rate and depth of respirations.

Back 124

Hyperpnea

Front 125

Abnormally low or shallow respirations.

Back 125

Hypopnea

Front 126

Abnormally rapid deep breathing, which results in decreased levels of cellular carbon dioxide.

Back 126

Hyperventilation

Front 127

Respirations near death or during extreme suffering.

Back 127

Agonal Breathing

Front 128

The combining forms for O2

Back 128

Ox/i, Ox/o, Ox/y

Hint 128

Oxygen!

Front 129

The combining form for CO2

Back 129

Capn/o

Hint 129

Carbon Dioxide

Front 130

An inadequate supply of oxygen to tissue despite an adequate blood supply.

Back 130

Hypoxia

Front 131

Excessive amounts of carbon dioxide in the blood.

Back 131

Hypercapnia

Front 132

A decrease in the carbon dioxide levels in the blood.

Back 132

Hypocapnia

Front 133

When an excessive amount of carbon dioxide in the blood due to decreased ventilation it's called...

Back 133

Respiratory Acidosis

Front 134

When carbon levels are abnormally low due to increased ventilation..

Back 134

Respiratory Alkalosis

Front 135

Changes in blood PH resulting from metabolic factors are called..

Back 135

Metabolic Acidosis or Metabolic Alkalosis

Front 136

Act of listening.

Back 136

Auscultation

Hint 136

Evaluates respiratory rhythm, rate, and sound.

Front 137

Pathologic respiratory sounds are called...

Back 137

Adventitious

Front 138

Sound of popping bubbles that suggests fluid accumulation.

Back 138

Bubbling

Front 139

Fine or coarse interrupted crackling noises coming from collapsed or fluid-filled alveoli during inspiration.

Back 139

Crepitation

Hint 139

AKA rales or crackles

Front 140

Less or no sound of air movement, suggesting consolidation of lung tissue.

Back 140

Decreased lung sounds

Front 141

Number of Respirations per minute.

Back 141

Respiratory Rate

Hint 141

RR

Front 142

Abnormal, continuous, musical, high-pitched whistling sounds heard during inspiration.

Back 142

Rhonchi

Hint 142

AKA wheezes

Front 143

Snoring, squeaking, or whistling, that suggests airway narrowing.

Back 143

Stridor

Front 144

Sound resulting from air passing through small bronchi and alveoli.

Back 144

Vesicular Sounds

Front 145

Amount of air exchanged during normal respiration (air inhaled and exhaled in one breath)

Back 145

Tidal volume

Front 146

Amount of air inspired over the tidal volume (extra amount that could be inhaled after normal inspiration)

Back 146

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

Hint 146

AKA Complemental Air

Front 147

Amount of air expired over the tidal volume (extra amount that could be exhaled after normal expiration)

Back 147

Expiratory Reserve Volume

Hint 147

Supplemental Air

Front 148

Air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration (amount of air trapped in alveoli)

Back 148

Residual Volume

Front 149

Air in the pathway of the respiratory system

Back 149

Dead Space

Hint 149

(termed dead because this air is not currently participating in gas exchange)

Front 150

Amount of air left in alveoli after the lung collapses.

Back 150

Minimal Volume

Front 151

Largest amount of air that can be moved in the lung.

Back 151

Vital Capacity

Hint 151

Tidal volume + inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes.