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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Habitat- Can BE BASED ON |
Where an organism lives, the size of habitats can varies for different organism Terrestrial - grassland - desert -rain forest Aquatic- Marine- Open ocean water, Coral Reef Freshwater- Lakes, river, ponds Estuarine- River mount affected by tidal movements |
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Microhabitats |
More localized or smaller area of the habitats e.g Crabs might be spend most of its time in cracks on the shore |
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Range/Distribution map |
-Within a range speices may be plentiful or rare P.s A large range doesn't mean that species is common -Over time the range of a species may increase or decrease |
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Absence from a region/Unsuitable Environment |
The environment maybe unable to sustain physical condition there e.g Fern- Wet and damp environment |
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Absence from a region/Geographical Barriers |
Large land mass that organisms are unable to inhabit e.g - Australian bush tail possum- From New Zealand to Australia |
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Absence from a region/Compertition |
Species may fight over resources or home e.g The fight over a habitat |
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Migratory |
Some species, however, may move in predictable way between widely separated habitats. Annual in life cycle Humpback whales- summer feeding antarctic water to eat and mate- then travel to west coast of Australia Once in lifetime Short finned eels fresh lakes of eastern Australia- the migrate to New Caledonia to breed and die |
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Technology to study habitats |
Remote Sensing on a satellite- sense distinctive signatures of different kind of vegetation- covered to colour coded images |
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Monitoring Animal movement |
Radio tracking devices are used such as VHF which track the collar, that picks up signal-later on satellite tracking are able to track in land and ocean. -Tigers -Sharks PAT (Pop-off archival transponding tag) They program data every minutes over a given period. |
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Who lives in a habitat? |
Members of the different species share one habitats form a living community |
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Niches/Niche Overlap |
Niches Way of life of a species -The role of profession of a species in a community -The status or role of an organism Niche Overlap Two or more different species cannot occupy the same niches for an extended period |
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Environment |
Physical, chemical and biological conditions that exist in a habitat make up an environment. It produce by the action and interactions of several environmental factors |
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Environment factors |
Abiotic: A factor that is not, and has never been living biotic: The living components of an organisms environment |
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Where it lives -Terrestrial -Aquatic -Marine -Arboreal -Fossorial |
-on the ground
-in the water -in seas -arboreal -fossorial |
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Herbivorous Fungivorous Carnivorous insectivorous omnivourous |
-plant eating
-fruit eating -animal eating -insect eating - plant and animal |
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Diurnal Nocturnal Crepucuscular |
by day
by night at dusk and dawn |
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Terrestrial habitats factors |
Annual rainfall seasonal pattern of rainfall relative humidity soil water |
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Aquatic habitats such as marine factors |
Salinity of water temperature dissolved nutrients wave action clarity of water |
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Aquatic habitats such as rivers factors |
Ph of water rate of current flow dissolve nutrients input of waste water |
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Light absorption/Effect? |
Sea water absorb more light than air. Depending on the water clarity , light entering water reaches to depth up to 200 meters e.g the deeper it gets the more dark it is. So Photosynthetic organism, such as phytoplankton, E.g algae and plant life They are restricted to the surface/ it's called the photic zone |
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Density/EFFECT? |
Sea water is more dense than air- its more than 800 dense E.g Zooplakton and Phytoplankton, are usually fed on top of water, Filtering suspended organisms are called filter feeders |
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Gravity/Effect? |
The affect on organisms is far greater in air than in sea water, water provides significant e.g marine animal require less supportive tissue |
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Qualitative Terms |
The environment can be described, as 'warm and humid. Warm=Air temperature Humid=Water vapor Content |
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Qualitative Terms |
When its used to describe the environment with a number value. 'The air temperature is 23 degrees" |
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Micro-enviroments |
Where the temperature/features of an environment, are part of a niche e.g snow is warm at the top than the bottom |
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Tolerance range |
Species are affected by environment factors-the variation that allows the species can survive in The wide the tolerance range the more likely the organism is able to survive |
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tolerance range- if above or below? |
Migration or escapes in to underground to compensate for the change |
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tolerance range-Structural, physiological and Behavioral features |
Structural Adaption: Hair to keep warm Behavioral Adaption: Lone wolf Physiological Adaption: Panting to cool down |
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Limiting Factor |
Any condition that approaches or exceeds the limits of tolerance for an organism is said to be a limiting factor for that organism |
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Floor of tropical rain forest/ Limiting factor |
Light intensity- Limits the kinds of plants that can survive |
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Desert |
Water availability- Plants able to tolerate desiccation can survive |
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littoral zone- shoreline of a beach |
desiccation- Exposure to air and sun |
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Polar region |
Temperature-Low temperatures limit the types of organism that are found |
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Instrument/Environment factor -Wind speed -Humidity of air -Air Pressure -Light intensity -Soil Water Content -Water Salinity |
Anemometer Hygrometer Barometer Light meter moisture meter conductive meter |
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Australia environment/How hot is it (December to January and July to August) |
December to January=26 degrees July to August=16 degrees |
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Australia environment/How dry is it |
Lower rainfall than any other inhabited continent. e.g 2/3 is arid (less than 250 mm average rainfall) or semi arid (between 250 mm to 500 mm) Southern Australia Winter months=most rainfall Summer months=Less rainfall Northern Australia November to April= Most rainfall May to October= Dry |
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Ephemeral |
Temporary e.g The body of water produce by rain in inland Australia- which is then evaporated |
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Drought |
The total monthly rainfall over a period of 9 to 12 months falls below the lowest ten percent of all values |
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El Nino |
Happens over the Pacific Ocean, Every two to seven years. Rainfall over Australia is lower than the average, and in many inland areas, are affect by drought. Results from weaker easterly trade winds that causes the surface temperatures of the Pacific ocean to rise, so it rains over the central pacific. |
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La Nina |
Happens over the Pacific Ocean, Every two to seven years. Trade winds are stronger, the rainfall pattern is shifted to the east and higher than average rainfall, tropical cyclones and floods occur in eastern Australia - can be predicted by Soi, which measures the difference of air pressures of Tahiti and Darwin. e.g Index is negative - drought condition over eastern Australia Positive=rainfall is above average |
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How Rich are the soils? In Australia |
Low levels of mineral nutrients (Phosphates and nitrates) since much of the continent consist of very ancient rock, being washed away or dissolved or washed away, known as leeching. Since soil are usually enriched again by volcanic activity, that brings mineral rich rocks to the surface, which break down to produce high-nutrients soils. Australia=No volcanic activity.
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How Rich are the soils? In Australia plants survive?How? |
Plants of several Genera, such as (Heart leaf poison). Having nitrogen-fixing bacteria living nodules on their roots. Allowing it to survive. Or Carnivorous plants that feed of the nutrients of insects . |
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Surviving in the Australian environment/Adaptations (S,B,P) |
These plants and animals posses features to cope under these condition. Adaptations, are genetically controlled features that may assist in the survival and the reproduction in their environment. Structural Adaption: Hair to keep warm Behavioral Adaption: Lone wolf Physiological Adaption: Panting to cool down |
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Plants: what grows(where Forest covers?) |
Forest, that have a coverage of 70 to 100 percent are called Closed forest Lesser coverage such as tall open eucalypt forest are called Open forest |
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Plants: what grows(Different vegetation types) |
can be defined by climate; tropical. Different vegetation types can be defined in terms of the dominant family, genus or species in the plant community. e.g forest dominated by eucalypts Shrub land dominated by acacia |
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Dominant Vegetation type in Australia. |
Hummock grassland, which covers 25 percent of Australia. Climate it prefers is arid, high evaporation rates, high temperature. |
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Acacia Shrub land |
Found in arid inland of Australia. It cover more than eight percent of Australian surface.Typically dominated by Mulga. |
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Chenopod Shrubland |
It cover about six percent of Australia land surface. Most dominated by salt bushes and blue bushes. They are both salt resistant and drought resistant, low rainfall, high temperature |
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Eucalypt forests |
9 percent of Australia landmass. They like being cramped together, but not too separated in but growth rates are low. The limiting factor is the low rain fall. But the loves the poor soil condition. |
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Patterns of plant distribution |
It's influences by environmental factors manly related to climate and by other factors such as soil type |
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plants:The arid environments |
Plants such as mulga, shows traits such as -maximize water uptake -minimize water loss -produce drought-resistant seeds |
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Maximising water uptake |
Water tappers, plants that produce deep roots that penetrated moist soil or water-table. the part of the upper roots is covered by a corky waterproof layer that prevents water loss. |
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Reducing waterloss |
Transpiration is the loss of water vapor by evaporation from moist surfaces inside the plants. It occurs through pores, known as stomata present on the lower surface of plant leaves. -Fewer stomata on leaf surface -Restriction of period of opening the stomata at night -Location of stomata in pits below the leaf surface=create a region of humidity, -Waxy cuticle on the leaf surface -Presence of hair s on leaf surface- slows air flow on leaf -Small leaves= smaller surface area -Glossy leaves= reflect the sun leaves -Infolding leaves- slows airflow and higher humidity |
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Producing seeds for survival |
The plants germinate from seeds, in two weeks completes their life cycles. They produces new seeds in a short period. these seeds have water soluble chemical that inhibits seed germination. No water=No life |
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Mulgas |
They can be in the form of trees or as small shrubs. The upwards leaves(leads to the roots), When heavy rainfall leads to flowers, the seeds will germinate-new generation of Mulgas will produce. |
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Saltbushes and blue bushes (chenopods) |
They excrete the dissolved salt from roots to leaves, they have sunken stomata, covered in hair, have minimal exposure to sun rays |
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Australia fauna: what survives. |
1. Individual animals survive to reproductive age 2. Mature animals reproduce to give rise to sufficient numbers of offspring |
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Animals: surviving in arid environment/flight |
Species cope by emigrating from drought areas to where lakes and rivers exist. e.g banded stilts |
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Animals: surviving in arid environment/Dormancy |
Inactive state, where the organisms meet their low energy requirements, and in which breathing rates and heart rates are minimal. They remain buried until the next rain comes- eg trilling frogs |
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Animals: surviving in arid environment/Next generation |
The spices survives through its offspring, where the embryo encased in a hard shell, and can live in a state of dormancy up till 20 years. |
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Animals: surviving in arid environment/ Without water |
The ability to survive by manufactured water, by cellular respiration, is possible by concentrated urine and dry feces |
