Chapter 9

Front 1

Education refers to the process:
_________________________________________________

Back 1

of learning in which some people consciously teach while others adopt the social role of learner.

Front 2

a. The proportion of people 25 years of age and over with a high school diploma increased from 41% in 1960 to more than _____% in 2003.
b. The proportion of people 25 years of age and over with a college degree rose from 8% in 1960 to about ___% in 2003.
c. Education is a major _____ in the U.S.

Back 2

a. 85%

b. 27%

c. industry

Front 3

Teaching students about the physical and political geography of their state, their country, and the world is a __________ function of education

Back 3

manifest

Front 4

Teaching students to read and write, to calculate numbers, and to master the facts of the society's history are all examples of the ___________ functions of education.

Back 4

manifest

Front 5

Putting children in school keeps them off the street and out of trouble. This is an example of a _______ function of education.

Back 5

latent

Front 6

The _________ sociological perspective emphasizes that the common identity and social integration fostered by education contribute to overall societal stability and consensus.

Back 6

latent

Front 7

Bilingualism in U.S. schools has been defended on the grounds that it has ________ value and is a means of encouraging of ___________ diversity.

Back 7

educational
cultural

Front 8

Critics of bilingualism in U.S. schools argue that bilingualism undermines the social and political ____________ that education has traditionally promoted.

Back 8

integration

Front 9

Sex education classes, affirmative action admissions programs, and Project Head Start were all promoted as agents of ___________.

Back 9

change

Front 10

Where do the majority of foreign exchange students in the U.S. come from?

Back 10

developing nations

Front 11

The __________ perspective views education as an instrument of elite domination.

Back 11

conflict

Front 12

The "hidden curriculum" refers to :

Back 12

standards of behavior that are deemed proper by society and are taught subtly in schools

Front 13

In the U.S., school children are taught not to speak until the teacher calls on them and to regulate their activities according to clocks and bells. This learning experience is referred to as ____________.

Back 13

hidden curriculum

Front 14

An increase in the lowest level of education required to enter a field is called: ________________

Back 14

credentialism

Front 15

The __________ sociological perspective is especially critical of the differential way in which education bestows status.

Back 15

conflict

Front 16

Tracking is considered the:
______________________________________

Back 16

practice of placing students in specific curriculum groups on the basis of their test scores and other criteria.

Front 17

What institution of higher learning was the first to admit female students?

Back 17

Oberlin College

Front 18

Sexism in education is most evident in:
___________________

Back 18

the employment of teachers

Front 19

The "teacher-expectancy effect" refers to the impact that:
____________________________

Back 19

a teacher's expectations about a student's performance may have on the student's actual achievements

Front 20

Debbie's mother and father are both lawyers, and she is sent to an exclusive private school for her education. Teachers are disappointed when she does only average work in her classes, and they spend more time working with and encouraging her to excel than they do with her classmates. This situation illustrates: ___________________

Back 20

teacher-expectancy effect

Front 21

The teacher-expectancy effect reflects the views of which sociological perspective?

Back 21

Interactionist View

Front 22

One research study revealed that teachers' expectations have an impact on students' athletic achievements. This situation would be of particular interest to the ________________ sociological perspective.

Back 22

teacher-expectancy effect

Front 23

Sociologist _____________ analysis of bureaucracies has been applied to schools in the U.S. because of the growing number of students in those institutions and the greater degree of specialization required within a technologically complex society.

Back 23

Max Weber

Front 24

In a public high school, certain teachers are assigned to work with college preparatory students, while others work with students who plan to go directly into the business world. This is an example of the bureaucratic characteristic of _______________.

Back 24

division of labor

Front 25

The ___________ sociological perspective observes that the bureaucratization of education increases the likelihood that students, teachers, and administrators will be dealt with fairly--that is, on the basis of rational and equitable criteria.

Back 25

functionalists

Front 26

The _________ sociological perspective argues the standardization of educational curricula generally reflects the values, interests, and lifestyles of the most powerful groups in a society.

Back 26

conflict theorists

Front 27

a. The prestige of the teaching profession has __________ in the past decade.
b. Teacher salaries in the U.S. are comparable to the average of _______________ in the nation.
c. Many teachers have ______ the educational world for careers in other professions.

Back 27

a. declined

b. all wage earners

c. left

Front 28

Clark, Trow, and Horowitz identified four ideal student subcultures on college campuses. The students who focus on having fun and socializing are referred to as the _____________ subculture.

Back 28

collegiate

Front 29

Clark, Trow, and Horowitz identified four ideal student subcultures on college campuses. The students who are hostile to the college environment and who seek out ideas that may or may not relate to studies are called ___________.

Back 29

nonconformist

Front 30

"Who gets what, when, how", is Harold D. Lasswell's definition of ___________.

Back 30

politics

Front 31

Politics was defined by Harold Lasswell as:
__________________________

Back 31

the ability to exercise one's will over others.

Front 32

Harold Lasswell defined __________ as "who gets what, when, and how".

Back 32

politics

Front 33

What term was used by Max Weber to refer to the ability to exercise one's will over others?

Back 33

power

Front 34

A college instructor probably decides what the class will do each time that they meet. The fact that the instructor can make these decisions and that the students follow his/her lead is an example of ______

Back 34

power

Front 35

________ relations can involve large organizations, small groups, or people in an intimate association.

Back 35

power

Front 36

Force is ____________________________

Back 36

the actual or threatened use of coercion to impose one's will on others.

Front 37

When leaders imprison or even execute political dissidents, they are applying ____________.

Back 37

Force

Front 38

The exercise of power through a process of persuasion is known as __________.

Back 38

Influence

Front 39

A man changes his position on the issue of immigrant refugees being granted asylum in the U.S. after a dinner-table argument with his grown children. This would be an example of ________.

Back 39

influence

Front 40

____________ refers to institutionalized power that is recognized by the people over whom it is exercised.

Back 40

Authority

Front 41

a. Political dissidents who seize an embassy and assassinate a political leader is an example of ______
b. A newspaper editorial that convinces members of the population to vote for a particular candidate for mayor is an example of ________.
c. A person who leads a group because of his/her charming and magnetic personality is an example of __________.

Back 41

a. force

b. influence

c. influence

Front 42

Sociologist ____________ created a classification system of authority that distinguished between traditional, legal-rational, and charismatic authority.

Back 42

Max Weber

Front 43

Traditional authority refers to
_______________________________

Back 43

power that has been institutionalized and is recognized by the people over whom it is exercised.

Front 44

The orders of one's superiors are felt to be legitimate because "this is how things have always been done" in a political system based on ___________ authority.

Back 44

traditional

Front 45

Legal-rational authority refers to leaders who derive their authority from ______________________________

Back 45

written rules and regulations of a political system

Front 46

Every four years in the U.S. there is a presidential election, and after the election, nearly half the population readily accepts the leadership of the person for whom they did not vote. This is an example of _______________.

Back 46

charismatic authority??

Front 47

During an inner-city riot, the governor of a state calls up members of the National Guard to protect stores and private citizens. She is able to take this action based on the state's constitution and powers granted her by the state's legislative bodies. Her power is based on ______________ authority.

Back 47

legal rational

Front 48

Charismatic authority refers to leaders who derive their authority from ______________________________

Back 48

exceptional personal or emotional appeal to their followers

Front 49

_____________ authority is derived more from the beliefs of followers than from the actual qualities of leaders.

Back 49

Charismatic

Front 50

In pointing out that the growth of the electronic media has facilitated the development of charismatic authority, sociologist Carl Couch draws on the ______________ perspective.

Back 50

interactionist

Front 51

Sociologist Carl Couch says the electronic media has facilitated the development of ___________ authority.

Back 51

charismatic

Front 52

Karl Marx believed that society is ruled by a small group of individuals who share a common set of political and economic interests, such as those represented by _______________.

Back 52

power elite

Front 53

Karl Marx believed that:
a. ______________
b. ______________
c. _______________

Back 53

a. 19th century representative democracy was essentially a sham.
b. Industrial societies were dominated by a small number of people who owned factories and controlled natural resources.
c. government officials and military leaders were servants of the capitalist class and followed their wishes.

Front 54

Sociologist __________ believed that government officials and military leaders were essentially servants of the capitalist class and followed their wishes.

Back 54

Karl Marx

Front 55

________ model of power relations suggests that society is ruled by a small group of individuals who share a common set of political and economic interests.

Back 55

Elite

Front 56

As described by C. Wright Mills, the "power elite" is ________________________________________

Back 56

a small group of military, industrial and government leaders who controlled the fate of the U.S.

Front 57

Sociologist ______________ argued that the U.S. is dominated by corporate, military, and political elite.

Back 57

C. Wright Mills

Front 58

The U.S. Secretary of State is an example of _________, according to C. Wright Mills.

Back 58

power elite

Front 59

List three criticisms of Mills's power elite model:
a. ________________________
b. ________________________
c. ________________________

Back 59

a. failed to clarify when the elite oppose protests

b. failed to clarify when the elite tolerate protests

c. failed to provide detailed case studies to substantiate the interrelationship among members of the power elite

Front 60

G. William Domhoff's view of the power structure of the U.S. most closely resembles the analysis of the ____________ sociological perspective

Back 60

power elite

Front 61

According to G. William Domhoff the two different coalitions in the electoral arena that have exercised influence are the:
a. _________________________
b. _________________________

Back 61

a. corporate conservative coalition

b. liberal-labor coalition

Front 62

The ____________ sociological perspective would be most likely to emphasize the unequal distribution of power in the political system of the U.S., in maintaining social, economic, and political control.

Back 62

power elite

Front 63

The pluralist model of power relations in the U.S. suggests that _______________________________.

Back 63

a variety of groups play a significant role in the decision making

Front 64

A city wants to build a drug rehabilitation center; business, religious, educational, and political groups argue back and forth about where to place this center. These competing groups illustrate the ___________ theory.

Back 64

pluralist

Front 65

Dianne Pinderhughes has criticized the ____________ model for failing to account for the exclusion of African Americans from the political process.

Back 65

pluralist

Front 66

_________________ refers to the social institution through which goods and services are produced, distributed, and consumed.

Back 66

Economic systems

Front 67

Capitalism is an economic system in which the means of production are largely _______________.

Back 67

in private hands, and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits

Front 68

Laissez-faire is a form of __________________________________________________.

Back 68

capitalism where businesses could compete freely with minimal government intervention.

Front 69

A monopoly is ________________________________________________________________

Back 69

when a single business firmly controls the market.

Front 70

Socialism is:
________________________________________________

Back 70

a system where the means of production and distribution in a society are collectively owned rather than privately owned.

Front 71

Socialist societies differ from capitalist nations in their commitment to __________________________________

Back 71

social service program

Front 72

The U.S. has considered a national healthcare system that would guarantee all citizens medical coverage as a basic human right. The Government's involvement in providing healthcare for all citizens is characteristic of which type of economic system?

Back 72

Socialist

Front 73

Communism is an economic system in which
_______________________________________________________

Back 73

all property is communally owned and no social distinctions are made on the basis of people's ability to produce.

Front 74

The economy of the U.S. is changing, which is due partly to being intertwined with and dependent on ______________________ economy.

Back 74

global

Front 75

Today, the workforce of the U.S. is more reflective of the diversity of the population as ethnic minorities enter the labor force and immigrants and their children move from marginal jobs or employment in the informal economy to positions of greater visibility and responsibility. The ____________________ sociological perspective notes that workers will find themselves supervising and being supervised by people very different from themselves.

Back 75

economic transformaton

Front 76

The systematic, widespread withdrawal of investment in basic aspects of productivity such as factories and plants is known as __________________.

Back 76

deindustrialization

Front 77

When a U.S. corporation relocates its plants to a country where prevailing wages are lower than in the U.S. this is the final stage of _______________.

Back 77

deindustrialization

Front 78

The term downsizing was first introduced in _________.

Back 78

1987

Front 79

Downsizing refers to reductions in _______________________________________________________

Back 79

a company's workforce as part of deindustrialization

Front 80

According to the _______________ sociological perspective the media only began expressing concern about downsizing only when it began to impact managers and white-collar workers.

Back 80

conflict theorists