Chapter 8 Vocabulary

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Political Geography

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A subdivision of human geography focused on the nature and spatial organization of governments

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State

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A politically organized territory that is administered by a sovereign government and is recognized by a significant portion of the international community.

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Territory

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An area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state

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Territoriality

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In political geography, a country's or more local communities sense of property and attachment towards territory, as expressed by its determination to keep it inviolable and strongly defended

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Sovereignty

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A principle of international relations that holds that final authority over social, economic, and political should rest with the legitimate rulers of Independent states

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Territoriality integrity

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The right of a state to defend sovereign territory against incursion from other states

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Mercantilism

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In a general sense, associated with the promotion of commercialism and trade

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Piece of Westphalia

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Peace negotiated and 1648 to end the 30 years war, Europe's most distractive internal struggle over religion. The treaties contained new language recognizing statehood and nationhood, clearly defined borders, and guarantees of security

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Nation

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Legally, a term encompassing all the citizens of a state. Most definitions now 10 to refer to a tightly knit group of people possessing bonds of language, ethnicity, religion, and other shared cultural attributes. Such homogeneity actually prevails with and very few states.

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Nation-state

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Erratically, a recognized member of a modern state system possessing formal sovereignty and occupied by people who see themselves as a single United nation

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Democracy

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Government based on the principle that the people are the ultimate sovereign and have the final say over what happens within the state

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Multinational state

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States with more than one nation within its borders

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Multistate nation

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Nation that stretches across borders and across states

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Stateless nation

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Nation that does not have a state

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Colonialism

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Ruled by an autonomous power over a subordinate an alien people and place

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Scale

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Representation of a real world phenomenon at a certain level of reduction or generalization. And cartography, the ratio of Map distance to ground distance; indicated on a map as a bar, representative fraction, and/or verbal statement

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World systems theory

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Refers to the enter regional and transnational division of labor, which divides the world into core countries, semi-periphery countries, and the periphery countries

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Capitalism

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Economic model where in people, corporations, and states produce goods and exchange them on the world market, with the goal of achieving profit

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Commodification

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The process through which something is given monetary value. Commodification occurs when a good or idea that previously was not regarded as an object to be brought and sold is turned into something that has a particular price and that can be traded in a market economy

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Core

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Processes that incorporate the higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology; generate more wealth than periphery processes in the world economy

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Periphery

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Processes that incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less technology; and generate less wealth than processes in the world economy

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Semi-periphery

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Places where core and periphery processes are both occurring; places that are exploited by the core but in turn exploit the periphery

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Ability

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In context of political power, the capacity of a state to influence other states or achieve its goals through diplomatic, economic, and militaristic means

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Centripetal

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Forces that tend to unify a country – such as internal religious, Linguistic, ethnic, or ideological differences

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Centrifugal

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Forces that tend to divide a country- such as internal religious, linguistic, ethnic, or ideological differences

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Unitary

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A nation state that has a centralized government and administration the exercises power equally over all parts of the state

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Federal

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A political – territorial system where in a central government represents the various entities within a nationstate

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Devolution

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The process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government

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Territorial representation

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System where in each representative is elected from a territorially defined district

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Reapportionment

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Process by which representative districts are switched according to population shifts, so that each district and compasses approximately the same number of people

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Splitting

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In the context of determining representative districts, the process by which the majority of minority populations are spread evenly across each of the districts to be created there and ensuring control by the majority of each of the districts; as oppose the result of majority minority district

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Majority-minority districts

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In the context of determining representative districts, the process by which a majority of the population is from the minority

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Gerrymandering

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Redistricting for advantage, or the practice of dividing the areas into Electoral districts to get one political and electoral majority in the large number of districts well concentrating the voting strength of the opposition in as few districts as possible

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Boundary

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Vertical plane between states that cuts through the rocks below, and the airspace above the surface

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GeoMetric boundary

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Political boundary defined and the limited as a straight line or an arc

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Physical – political boundary

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Political boundary defined and delimited by a prominent physical feature and the natural landscape – such as a river or the crest Ridge is of a mountain range

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Heartland Theory

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Geopolitical hypothesis, proposed by British geographer Harold Mackinder under during the first two decades of the 20th century, but any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain sufficient strength to eventually dominate the world

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Critical geopolitics

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Process by which geopoliticians deconstruct and focus on explaining the underlying spatial assumptions and territorial perspectives of politician

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Unilateralism

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World order and which one state is a position of dominance with allies following rather than joining the political decision-making process

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Supranational organization

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A venture involving three or more nation-states involving formal political, economic, political, and/or cultural Cooper ration to promote shared objectives. The European Union is one such organization

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Deterritorialization

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A term used to describe the economic, social, and cultural geography is that look less and less like the maps of states. Globalization, networked communities, and the like undermine the states traditional territorial authority

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Reterritorialization

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States are moving to solidify control over its territory. For example, solidifying their borders due to concern over immigration

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Compact state

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A state the possesses a roughly circular, oval, or rectangular territory in which the distance from the geometric center is relatively equal in all directions.

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Prorupted state

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A type of territorial shape that exhibits a narrow, elongated land extension leading away from the main body of the territory

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Elongated state

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A state whose territory is long and narrow in shape

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Fragmented state

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A state that is not contiguous whole but rather separated parts

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Perforated state

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A state whose territory completely surrounds that of another state

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Enclave

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A country or part of a country that is surrounded by another

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Exclave

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A part of a country that is or almost completely separated from the main part or the country