Chapter 8 The Nucleus

Front 1

Explain the three major premises of the atomictheory of matter.

Back 1

Allmatter is made up of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms.

Eachelement has a type of atom that is different in weight and properties from theatoms of other elements.

Allthe atoms of a particular element are exactly alike.

Front 2

Compare andcontrast J. J. Thompson’s “plum pudding”model of the structure of the atomwith Ernest Rutherford’s “nuclear” model, and describe the experimentalevidence that supported each.

Back 2

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Front 3

Distinguish between the terms nucleon, proton, and neutron

Back 3

The nucleus contains sub-atomic particles called nucleons. Nucleons are of two types: positively chargedprotons and electrically neutral neutrons. Both protons and neutrons have about the samemass, approximately equal to the mass of hydrogen, the simplest element.

Front 4

elements

Back 4

elements are the simplest substances in the bulk matter around us. over 100 elements are known.

it cant be broken down into simpler substances.

Front 5

nuclide

Back 5

Nuclides are specific types of atoms or nuclei. Every nuclide has a chemical element symbol (E) as well as an atomic number (Z) , the number of protons in the nucleus, and a mass number (A), the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

Front 6

nucleus

Back 6

The central part of an atom that contains the protons and neutrons. Plural nuclei

Front 7

atomic numberand mass number

Back 7

The atomic number is the number at the bottom left and it tells you the number of protoms in the element while the number on the top left hand side tells you the mass of the nucleus. that is protons plus the neutrons. The element is titanium (symbol Ti).It has Z = 22 protons. Themass number A is 48, that is,protons + neutrons = 48. The number of neutrons N can becalculated by N = A – Z = 48 – 22 = 26.

Front 8

Inthe nuclear symbol for a particularnuclide, identify the element symbol,atomic number, and massnumber.

Back 8

the Mass number is 48

the atomic number is 22. and the element symbol is Ti

Front 9

If given the mass number and atomicnumber of a nuclide, calculate the numberof neutrons.

Back 9

subtracting the mass number by the atomic number of the nuclide will give you the number of neutrons in the element.

Front 10

isotope

Back 10

One of two or more atoms that have the same atomic number (the same number of protons) but a different number of neutrons. Carbon 12, the most common form of carbon, has six protons and six neutrons, whereas carbon 14 has six protons and eight neutrons. Isotopes of a given element typically behave alike chemically

Front 11

Describe the five different types ofradioactive decay (alpha, beta-electron, beta-positron, electroncapture, and gamma) in terms ofrays and/or particles emitted, and the change in properties of the affectednuclide.

Back 11

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Front 12

alpha decay

Back 12

this occurs in nuclei too large to be stable. The forces that hold protons and neutrons together in a nucleus act only over short distances. as a result these particles interact stongly only with their nearest neighbors in a nucleus.

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Front 13

Define half-lifeand describe how the amount of a radioactive nuclide changes with the passageof each half-life period of time

Back 13

the half life of a radionuclide is the period of time needed for half of an initial amount of the nuclide to decay. The amount of nuclide gets cut in half ever half-life that passes

Front 14

Discuss the common sources and hazardouseffects of ionizing radiation,including somatic mutation, genetic mutation, and various degreesof acute radiation sickness

Back 14

All ionizing radiation is harmful to living tissue, although if the damage is slight, the tissue can often repair itself with no permanent effect. if exposed for a long period of time they can cause cancer, leukemia, and changes in reproductive cells. mueasured in Sieverts (Sv)

Common sources of ionizing radiation are rocks and soil, cosmic rays, radionuclides in the body, occupational exposures, medical x rays and nuclear medicine.

Front 15

somatic mutation, genetic mutation, and various degrees of acute radiation sickness