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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What are Organs of the Nervous System?
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1. Brain
2. Spinal Cord 3. Nerves 4. Receptors of Sense Organs |
There are four
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What are the Divisions of the Nervous System
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1. Central Nervous System (CNS) Spinal Cord and Brain
2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) All nervous tissue outside the CNS |
There are two
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What is the Structure of the Typical Nueron?
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Nueral (Nervous) Tissue
1. Nuerons-individual cells that send and recieve signals - basic functional unit of the nervous system |
contains two kinds of cells
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What are the main structures of a Nueron?
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1. Cell body - contains Nucleus and all organelles
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There are three structures
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What are the main structures of a Nueron?
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Dendrites
-highly branched with many fine processes -Conduct impulses toward cell body of the nueron |
There are three structures
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What are the main structures of a Nueron?
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Axon
-long structure off cell body -conduct impulses AWAY FROM cell body of nueron -May be covered with a Myelin Sheath -gaps in the Myelin are called "Nodes of Ranvier" |
There are three structures
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What is the Structure of the Typical Nueron?
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Nueral (Nervous) Tissue
2. Nueroglia (glial) Cells-cells that support and protect nuerons |
contains two kinds of cells
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What functions are nuerons classified into?
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Sensory Nuerons
-conduct impulses to the spinal cord and brain |
there are three
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What functions are nuerons classified into?
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Motor Nuerons
-conduct impulses away from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands |
there are three
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What functions are nuerons classified into?
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Internuerons
-carry impulses from sensory nuerons to motor nuerons |
there are three
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What are the three main types of Nueroglial (glial) Cell of the CNS?
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Astrocytes
-star-shaped cells that anchor small blood vessels to nuerons |
star-shaped
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What are the three main types of Nueroglial (glial) Cell of the CNS?
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Microglia
-small cells that are housed in brain tissue, phagocytic cells |
housed
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What are the three main types of Nueroglial (glial) Cell of the CNS?
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Oligodendrocites
-form myelin sheaths on axons in the CNS |
form
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What is a main type of glial cell of the PNS?
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Schwann Cells
-form myelin sheaths of axons in the PNS |
Swan
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What is Multiple Sclerosis?
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Autoimmune disorder causing destruction of myelin sheaths in CNS
Symptoms muscular weakness, abnormal sensations or double vision |
Just for "FYI"
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What is a nerve?
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Bundle of axons surrounded by connective tissue
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What are the three Connective Tissue Layers?
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Epineurium
-outer layer -surrounds entire nerve |
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What are the three Connective Tissue Layers?
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Perineurium
-middle layer -surrounds a group (fascicle) of nerve fibers |
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What are the three Connective Tissue Layers?
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Endoneurium
-inner layer -surrounds indiviual nuerons |
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What are the three types of Axons?
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Type A Fibers
-large diameter, myelinated (fastest) |
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What are the three types of Axons?
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Type B Fibers
-medium diameter, myelinated |
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What are the three types of Axons?
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Type C Fibers
-small diameter, unmyelinated (slowest) |
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The speed of impulse conduction depends on the axon of the nerve it is traveling on
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-Lareger diameter makes the conduction faster
-Myelination makes the conduction faster. |
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What is a nueral reflex?
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A Reflex is a fast, predictable, automatic response.
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Where do reflexes occur?
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They occur in the grey matter
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What are most reflexes controlled by.
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Most reflexes are controlled by the spinal cord only.
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What are five components of Reflex Arc?
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1. receptor
2. sensory nueron 3. integrating center 4. motor nueron 5. effector |
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What are the 5 Steps in a Nueral Reflex?
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Step 1: A stimulus activates a receptor.
ex: pain, hot cold, tickle.. |
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What are the 5 Steps in a Nueral Reflex?
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Step 2: The receptor activates a sensory nueron.
This conducts an impulse to the spinal cord or brain. |
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What are the 5 Steps in a Nueral Reflex?
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Step 3: The message is processed by an interneuron in the brain or spinal cord.
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What are the 5 Steps in a Nueral Reflex?
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Step 4: The internueron activates a motor nueron
This conducts an impulse to a muscle or gland |
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What are the 5 Steps in a Nueral Reflex?
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Step 5: An effector is stimulated.
A muscle contracts or a gland secretes a product. |
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The Human Brain
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-Contains almost 98% of the body's nueral tissue
-Average weight, about 1.4kg (about 3 pounds) |
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What are the Main Regions of the Brain?
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1. Brain Stem
2. Diencephalon 3. cerebellum 4. Cerebrum |
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What three parts does the Brain Stem include?
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1. Midbrain (mesencephalon)
2. Pons 3. Medulla Oblongata |
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What are the Functions of the Brain Stem?
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-Connects the brain to the spinal cord.
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What are the Functions of the Brain Stem?
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-Relays information to higher brain centers.
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What are the Functions of the Brain Stem?
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-Regulates reflex centers of the brain to control vital functions.
ex: heart rate, respiration, blood pressure |
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Where is the Diencephalon located?
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Located under the Cerebrum and Cerebellum
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What are the main divisions of the Diencephalon?
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Thalamus and Hypothalamas
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What is the function of the Thalamas?
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-relays sensory information to the cerebral cortex
-produces some emotions of pleasantness or unpleasantness associated with sensations. |
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What is the function of the Hypothalamas?
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-hormone production
-contains centers for controlling appetite, wakefulness, pleasure, etc. |
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What are the functions of the cerebellum?
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-Controls repetitive body movements and coordinated muscle movements
ex: posture and fine motor control |
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Cerebellum
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-Second largest part of the brain.
-Divided into two halves. |
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What are the functions of the Cerebrum?
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Mental processes such as sensations, consciousness, memory and voluntary control of movements.
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What are disorders of the Cerebellum?
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-Ataxia
-damage from trauma or stroke -intoxication (temporary disturbance) -disturbs muscle coordination |
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Name the Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
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-about 18" long
-1/2" wide -Begins at the medulla oblongata -Ends between vertebrate L1 and L2 |
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What three structures make up the Inferior end of the Spinal Cord?
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Conus Medullaris
-cone shaped end of spinal cord around L2 |
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What three structures make up the Inferior end of the Spinal Cord?
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Caudae Equina
-horse's tail -lowest spinal nerves |
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What three structures make up the Inferior End of the Spinal Cord?
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Filum Terminale
-Final thread of the spinal cord -Stabilizes end of spinal cord |
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What is the Gray matter of the Spinal Cord?
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-shaped like the letter H or a butterfly
-contains nueron cell bodies & unmyelinated axons |
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What is the white matter of the Spinal Cord?
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-contains myelinated and unmyelinated axons
-carries impulses to and from the brain |
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What serves as protection for the Spinal Cord?
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-vertebrate
-meninges -cerebrospinal fluid |
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Meninges
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-protect the spinal cord
-carry blood supply |
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Meningitis
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-viral or bacterial infection of the meninges
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What are the three Meningeal Layers?
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Dura mater
-outer layer of spinal cord |
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What are the three Meningeal Layers?
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Arachnoid mater
-middle meningeal layer |
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What are the three Meningeal Layers?
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Pia mater
-inner meningeal layer |
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What are the three Inter-layer Spaces?
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Epidural Space
-Space above the dura mater -contains connective and adipose tissue for cushion -Anesthetic injection site |
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What are the three Inter-layer Spaces?
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Subdural space
-between arachnoid mater and dura mater |
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What are the three Inter-layer Spaces?
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Subarachnoid space
-between arachnoid mater and pla mater -filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) -Spinal Tap withdrawals fluid from this space |
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How many pairs of Spinal Nerves are there?
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31 pairs of spinal nerves connected to the spinal cord
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What are the types and locations of spinal nerves?
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8 pairs of cervical nerves
(C1 to C8) |
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What are the types and locations of spinal nerves?
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12 pairs of thoracic nerves
(T1 to T12) |
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What are the types and locations of spinal nerves?
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5 pairs of lumbar nerves
(L1 to L5) |
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What are the types and locations of spinal nerves?
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5 pairs of sachral nerves
(S1 to S5) |
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What are the types and locations of spinal nerves?
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1 pair of coccygeal nerves
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How nany pairs of Cranial Nerves are there?
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12 pairs connected to the brain
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What is an autonomic Nervous System?
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-made up of motor nuerons that conduct impulses from the the central nervous system to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, or glands
-regulates the body's involuntary functions |
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What are the two divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System?
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Sympathetic Division
-turns on only during exertion, stress or emergency -called the "Fight or Flight" nervous system -readies body for crisis -stimulates tissue metabolism -increases alertness |
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What are the two divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System?
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Parasympathetic Division
-controls during resting conditions -"Called the "Rest and Digest" nervous system -stimulates visceral activity (digestion) -conserves energy and promotes sedentary activities |
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State the Sympathetic "Fight ot Flight" Responses
(1-4) |
1. Heightened mental alertness
2. Increased metabolic rate 3. Increased respiratory rate 4. Respiratory passageways dilate |
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State the Sympathetic "Fight ot Flight" Responses
(5-7) |
5. Increased herat rate and blood pressure
6 Sweat glands activated 7. Reduced digestive and urinary functions |
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State the Parasympathetic "Rest and Digest" Responses
(1-4) |
1. Increases secretion by digestive glands
2. Increases smooth muscle activity 3. Stimulates defecation 4. Stimulates contraction of the bladder |
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State the Parasympathetic "Rest and Digest" Responses
(5-7) |
5. Constriction of respiratory passageways
6. Constriction of pupils 7. Reduction in heart rate |
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What are three types of nuerons of the Sympathetic Division?
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Preganglionic Fibers
-leave spinal cord between segments T1 and L2 |
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What are three types of nuerons of the Sympathetic Division?
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Ganglionic Nuerons
-in ganglia near vertebral column and in adrenal glands |
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What are three types of nuerons of the Sympathetic Division?
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Postganglionic Fibers
-from ganglia to target organs |
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Autonomic Nervous System
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-many organs are doubly innervated
"dual innervation" |
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What is an example of oppsite actions of the same organ?
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The sympathetic division stimulates the heart
The parastmpathetic division inhibits the heart |
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