Ch. 8: Nervous System

Front 1

Central nervous system (CNS)

Back 1

contain the brain and spinal cord

(occupy a midline or central location in the body)

Front 2

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Back 2

the term peripheral is appropriate because the nerves extend to the outlying or peripheral parts of the body.

Contains Cranial Nerves

Spinal Nerves

Autonomic Motor nerves

Somatic Motor Nerves

Sensory nerves

Front 3

Myelin

Back 3

white fatty substance formed by Schwan cells (look like sausages) that wrap around some axons outside the central nervous system

Front 4

Interneurons

Back 4

conduct impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons.

central or connecting neurons

Front 5

Nodes of Ranvier

Back 5

indentations between the Schwan cells (between the links)

Front 6

Neurolemma

Back 6

outer covering of Schwan cell, this helps regeneration of cut and injured axons. The brain and S.C. don’t have neurolemma so they can’t regenerate as well

Front 7

Glial Cells (or neuroglia):

Back 7

specialized "support" cells (glia Gr.
meaning glue) hold neurons together and protect them.

Front 8

Glioma

Back 8

the most common type of brain tumor.

Front 9

Astrocyte

Back 9

Look like stars, these are the largest Glial cells. threadlike branches connect neurons w/ small blood vessels and the Blood Brain Barrier

Front 10

Microglia

Back 10

Smaller, usually stable but in damaged tissue they use phagocytosis to digest microbes

Front 11

Oligodendrites

Back 11

Hold nerve fibers together and also produce a myelin sheath in brain and spinal cord. (recall, Schwan
cells are also myelin but are only in PNS

Front 12

Sensory Receptors

Back 12

Send sensory information to the
spinal cord

Front 13

Interneurons

Back 13

within the spinal cord. Integrate the
information

Front 14

REFLEXES

Back 14

rapid, predictable motor responses
to a stimulus. They are unlearned, unpremeditated and involuntary.

Front 15

The Reflex Arc

Back 15

the nerve path of the reflex

Front 16

Motor Neurons

Back 16

send instructions to a skeletal muscle
which will then cause the response to the stimulus

Front 17

Each resting neuron has a slight + charge on the outside due to
excess sodium ions (Na+) and a A slight - charge on the inside.
When stimulated Na+ channels suddenly open and Na+ rushes inward so the inside temporarlily becomes positive and outside becomes negative. This section immediately recovers but the electrical distubance stimulates Na+ channels in the next section. This is the nerve inpulse (like a lit fuse). If this impulse
Encounters myelin it jumps around myelin (saltatory conduction).
Impulse is then much faster in myelinated fibers.

Back 17

Nerve Impulses

Front 18

Pons


CNS Brainstem

Back 18

influences respiration

Front 19

Medulla oblongata

CNS Brainstem

Back 19

contains centers for vital functions (breathing, heartbeat, vasoconstriction). Also coordinates swallowing and other automatic reactions

Front 20

acetylcholine
norepinepherin
dopamine
Serotonin
endorphins

Back 20

Neurotransmitters

Front 21

Midbrain

CNS Brainstem

Back 21

relay station between the cerebrum and spinal cord or cerebellum. Ascending or descending tracts cross in this area

Front 22

THE SPINAL CORD Sensory tracts

Back 22

conduct impulses to the brain

Front 23

This is the largest part of the human brain (makes up about 83% of brain weight)

It contains 2 Hemispheres that are divided into lobes

This is your higher, conscious brain

Back 23

Cerebrum

Front 24

This is the second largest part of the human brain (makes up about 11% of brain weight)

It helps control muscle contractions to produce
coordinated movements so that we can maintain balance,
move smoothly, and sustain normal posture

A thin layer of gray matter on outside area (cortex) covers
the white matter

Back 24

Cerebellum

Front 25

Functions of the Cerebrum

Back 25

mental processes of all types, including sensations, consciousness, memory, and voluntary control of movements

Front 26

Mixed nerves

Back 26

have both types of fibers afferent and efferent

Front 27

How many pairs of spinal nerves are in a human?

Back 27

31

Front 28

How many pairs of cranial nerves are in a human?

Back 28

12

Front 29

ANS
Autonomic Nervous System

Back 29

motor neurons that conduct impulses from the central nervous system to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands. It serves to regulate the body’s autonomic or involuntary functions to maintain or quickly restore homeostasis

Front 30

Dermatome

Back 30

is an area of skin associated with a pair of dorsal roots from the spine

A localized area of skin that is has its sensation via a single nerve from a single nerve root of the spinal cord

Front 31

Sympathetic ganglia

Back 31

are in front of and on each side of the spinal column. It is the emergency or stress system, controlling visceral effectors
during strenuous exercise and strong emotions (anger, fear, hate, or anxiety). This is called the fight-or-flight response.

Front 32

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Back 32

consists of structures that regulate the body's automatic or involuntary functions

ex.. heart rate, contractions of the stomach and intestines, secretion of chemical compounds by glands

Front 33

What are the 2 types of cells found in the nervous system?

Back 33

neurons and glia

Front 34

What are the bundles of axons in the CNS?

Back 34

tracts

Front 35

Tracts

Back 35

are myelinated and thus form the white matter around of the brain and cord

Front 36

What are the unmyelinated axons and dendrites called?

Back 36

gray matter

Front 37

What is the tough fibrous sheath that covers the whole nerve?

Back 37

Epineurium

Front 38

What is the thin wrapping of fibrous connective tissue around the axon in a nerve?

Groups of the wrapped axons are called fascicles

Back 38

Endoneurium

Front 39

Receptors

Back 39

are the beginnings of dendrites of sensory neurons

Front 40

Ganglion

Back 40

a group of nerve cell bodies located in the PNS

Located near the spinal cord.

Front 41

Synapse

Back 41

The place where impulses are transmitted from one neuron to another

This is an important part of the nerve conduction process

Front 42

When a section of a membrane covered with insulating myelin jumps around the myelin it is called ______.

Back 42

Saltatory Conduction

Front 43

Each _______ contains very small sacs and vesicles.

Back 43

Synaptic Knob

Front 44

Each vesicle in the synaptic knob contain a very small quantity of chemical compound called _______.

Back 44

Neurotransmitters

Front 45

______ are chemicals in which neurons communicate.

Back 45

Neurotransmitters

Front 46

______ and ______ are morphinelike neurotransmitters that are described as natural pain killers.

Back 46

Endorphins and enkephalins

Front 47

________, _________, and __________ are neurotransmitters that play a role in sleep, motor functions, mood, and pleasure recognition.

They are also called catechlomines.

Back 47

dopamine
Serotonin
norepinepherin

Front 48

The _____ is located in between the midbrain below and the cerebrum.

It consist of the hypothalamus and the thalamus.

Back 48

Diencephalon

Front 49

_________ is the most important part of the brain and it is tiny in size

It controls the heartbeat.

Back 49

Hypothalamus

Front 50

Midbrain

Back 50

relay station between the brain and the spinal cord.

Front 51

Thalamus

(Dumbbell- shaped)

Back 51

- helps produce sensations

--associates sensation with emotions
(pleasantness or unpleasantness)

--play a part in arousal or alerting mechanism

Front 52

The grooves in the cerebrum are called____.

Back 52

Sulci

Front 53

Precise muscle control is found in the _______.

Back 53

Primary Motor area of the Cerebrum

Front 54

Sensory speech area is found in the

Back 54

Wernicke's area of the cerebrum

Front 55

The area of conscious thought is in the

Back 55

prefrontal association of the cerebrum

Front 56

The premotor area in the cerebrum controls______.

Back 56

muscle coordination

Front 57

Paralysis

Back 57

loss of the ability to make voluntary movement

Front 58

pia mater

Back 58

innermost membrane covering the spinal cord

Front 59

_____ _______ is the tough outer layer that lines the vertebral canal.

Encases the brain and spinal cord

Back 59

dura mater

Front 60

________ is water on the brain

Back 60

hydrocephalus