Chapter 7&8

Front 1

Definition of Development

Back 1

The pattern of change that begins at conception and continues throughout the human life span

Front 2

Nature vs. Nurture

Back 2

Nature- A biological or physiological inheritance

Nurture- Environmental experiences

Front 3

Continuity vs. Discontinuity

Back 3

Continuity- Change is gradual, adding more of the same upon what the individual has already accomplished.

Discontinuity-Change is distinct- a sequence of stages. Quality of individual changes.

Front 4

Stability vs. Change

Back 4

Stability- The continued personality of behavior of a child into adulthood.

Change-Reveals traits of plasticity. Allows individual to be affected by positive experiences in life.

Front 5

Cells, Chromosomes, genes, DNA

Back 5

Cell- basic unit of life

Chromosome- 23 pair in each cell of body

Gene-Short segments of chromosomal material that hold hereditary info.

DNA-Molecules of info that form genetic material.

Front 6

Recessive vs. Dominant genes

Back 6

Recessive- Gene that influences expression of a trait only when paired with an identical gene.

Dominant- Gene that actively controls the expression of a trait.

Front 7

Conception

Back 7

Fertilization of an egg with a sperm cell.

Front 8

Fertilization

Back 8

The union of the ovum and sperm

Front 9

3 periods of fetal development

Back 9

Germinal, Embryonic, and Fetal Period.

Front 10

Germinal Period

Back 10

First two weeks after fertilization. zygote moves to the uterus and beings to implant in the lining.

Front 11

Embryonic Period

Back 11

Two to Eight weeks after fertilization. Major organs and structures develop.

Front 12

Fetal Period

Back 12

Eight weeks after conception until the birth of the child.

Front 13

Teratogens

Back 13

Any factors that can cause a birth defect.

Front 14

Reflexes and senses at birth.

Back 14

Rooting

Grasping

Moro reflex

Sucking

Front 15

Piaget's 4 stages of Cognitive Development.

Back 15

1. Sensorimotor

2. Preoperational

3. Concrete Operational

4. Formal Operational

Front 16

Sensorimotor

Back 16

Birth-2 years. Adjusting- Pushing up on hands or knees.

Front 17

Preoperational

Back 17

2-7 years. Symbolic thinking; solid images and words.

Front 18

Concrete Operational

Back 18

7-11 years. Logical reasoning is being learned.

Front 19

Formal operational

Back 19

11-15 years. Thinking hypothetically and coordinate abstract ideas consistently.

Front 20

Vygotsky's zone of proximal development and scaffolding.

Back 20

Zone of proximal- What a child can do alone versus what that child can do with help of a teacher.

Scaffolding- Children gain knowledge through asking questions and modeled behavior.

Front 21

4 Attachment styles

Back 21

1. Secure-Feel safe with mom. Wanders around.

2. Avoidant-No interest or concern with mom.

3. Ambivalent-Demands mom. Scared without her.

4. Disorganized-disoriented-fearful and depressed looks on face.

Front 22

Erikson's stages of Psychosocial development

Back 22

1. Trust vs. Mistrust-Birth-1 year.

2. Autonomy vs. Shame & doubt- 1-3 years.

3. Initiative vs. Guilt- 3-5 years.

4. Industry vs. Inferiority- 5-11 years.

Front 23

3 Temperament Styles

Back 23

Easy- positive, adapt easily

Difficult- Negative, slow or no change

Slow-to-warm-up- slightly negative, gradual changes.

Front 24

Adolescent egocentrism

Back 24

Adolescent-Inability to perceive that one's thoughts are as important to others as to self.

Front 25

Adolescence and Puberty

Back 25

Adolescence-13 to early twenties, not a a child but is not yet independent.

Puberty-Physical changes that occur in the body as sexual development reaches its peak.

Front 26

Kohlberg's moral development in adolescence

Back 26

Preconventional morality-Very young kids.

Conventional morality-older kids, and most adults.

Post conventional morality-20% of adult population.

Front 27

Adult physical and cognitive characteristics.

Back 27

Physical: Menopause, andropause

Cognitive: changes in memory

Front 28

Definition of Motivation

Back 28

The process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so tat physical or psychological needs or wants are met.

Front 29

Intrinsic motivation vs. Extrinsic motivation

Back 29

Intrinsic- Behaviors based upon an internal reward.

Extrinsic-Behaviors based upon an external or separate outcome.

Front 30

Definition of instinct. Examples.

Back 30

Instinct- An unlearned and innate biological pattern of behavior.

Examples: Migrate, build a nest, mate, protect territory.

Front 31

Need and drive.

Back 31

Need- a deprivation that causes drive to reduce the deprivation.

Drive- An aroused state due to a psychological need.

Front 32

3 types of needs

Back 32

Need for Achievement- Desire to succeed.

Need for Affiliation-Need for social interactions.

Need for Power-Need to control others.

Front 33

Maslow's classic hierarchy

Back 33

The view that an individual's needs must be met in a sequence.

1. Self-actualization-Develop to full potential.

2. Transcendence-Help others achieve full potential.

Front 34

Definition of Emotion

Back 34

Feeling that can involve physiological arousal, conscious experience, and behavioral expression.

Front 35

Public display rules in culture

Back 35

Sociocultural standards that determine when, where, and how emotions should be expressed.

Front 36

Definition of facial feedback hypothesis

Back 36

Facial expressions can influence emotions as well as reflect them.

Front 37

Chromosomal diff between males and females.

Back 37

X

Y-SRY gene

Front 38

Theory of sexuality and sexual orientation.

Back 38

Sexuality-Sex you are born with.

Sexual orientation- person's sexual attraction and affection for members of same or opposite sex.