Chapter 7 Test 2 For Lecture

Front 1

Human skeleton has how many bones?

Back 1

206

Front 2

The axial skeleton has how many bones

Back 2

80

Front 3

The appendicular has how many bones

Back 3

126

Front 4

The axial skeleton does?

Back 4

1. Forms the central axis of the body. 2. Formed from 80 named bones. 3. consists of skull, vertebral column, and bony thorax.

Front 5

The bones in the axial skeleton are?

Back 5

Cranium, Clavicle, Scapula, Rib, Humerus, Vertebra, Radius, Ulna, Carpala, Bones of pectoral girdle, Bones of pelvic girdle.

Front 6

What are bone markings for?

Back 6

1. Projections that provide attachment for muscles and ligaments 2. Projections that help form joints. 3. Depressions and openings for passage of nerves and blood vessels.

Front 7

Projections that help form joints are?

Back 7

The pterygoid processes are attachments sites for the pterygoid muscles that close the jaw in chewing.

Front 8

The skull is?

Back 8

Formed by cranial and facial bones

Front 9

The cranium serves to?

Back 9

1. Enclose brain 2. Provide attachment sites for some head and neck muscles

Front 10

The facial bones serve to?

Back 10

1. Form framework of the face 2. Form cavities for the sense organs of sight, taste, and smell 3. Provide openings for the passage of air and food, 4. Hold the teeth in place 5. Anchor muscles of the face

Front 11

The overview of skull geography?

Back 11

1. Facial bones form anterior aspect 2. Cranium is divided into cranial vault and the base 3. Internally, prominent bony ridges divide skull into distinct fossae.

Front 12

What smaller cavities does the skull contain?

Back 12

1. Middle and inner ear cavities (in lateral aspect of cranial base) 2. Nasal cavity (lies in the posterior to the nose) 3. Orbits (house the eyeballs) 4. Air filled sinuses (occur in several bones around the nasal cavity)

Front 13

Lateral aspect of the skull?

Back 13

1. Petrous part of temporal bone 2. External occipital protuberance 3. Internal acoustic meatus 4. Sella turcica and sphenoid sinus 5. Greater wing of sphenoid bone 6. Lesser wing of sphenoie bone 7 frontal sinus 8. crista galli 8. Ethmoid bone (Perendicual plate) 9. Palatine bone.

Front 14

The skull contains 85 named openings. They are?

Back 14

1. Foramina, canals, and fissures. 2. Provide openings for important structures like spinal cord, blood vessels serving the brain, and 12 pairs of cranial nerves

Front 15

Cranial bones formed from what eight large bones?

Back 15

Paired Bones (Temporal & Parietal), Unpaired Bones, (Frontal, Occipital, Sphenoid, Ethmoid)

Front 16

The Frontal bones do what?

Back 16

1. Forms the forehead 2. Superior parts of orbits 3. Contributes to anterior cranial fossa 4. Contains frontal sinuses

Front 17

Important Markings on the skull?

Back 17

Supraorbital foramina (Notches): Allow the supraorbital arteries and nerves to pass

Front 18

What are Parietal Bones and Sutures?

Back 18

Parietal bones form superior and lateral parts of skull

Front 19

What are coronal suture?

Back 19

Runs in the coronal plane and located where parietal bones meet the frontal bone

Front 20

What are squamous suture?

Back 20

Occurs where each parietal bone meets a temporal bone inferiorly

Front 21

What are sagittal suture?

Back 21

Occurs where right and left parietal bones meet superiorly

Front 22

What are lambdoid suture?

Back 22

Occurs where the parietal bones meet the occipital bone posteriorly

Front 23

What are Sutural Bones?

Back 23

1. Small bones that occur within sutures 2. Irregual in shape, size and location 3. Not all people have sutural bones

Front 24

What does Occipital bones do?

Back 24

1. Forms the posterior portion of the cranium and cranial base 2. Articulates with the temporal bones and parietal bones 3. Forms the posterior cranial fossa 4. Foramen magnum located at its base

Front 25

Occipital bone features and structures?

Back 25

1. Occipital condyles 2. Hypoglossal foramen 3. External occipital protuberance 4. Superior nuchal lines 5. Inferior nuchal lines

Front 26

Occipital – Important Markings

Back 26

See attachment

Front 27

Occipital Markings – Foramen magnum

Back 27

Allow passage of spinal cord

Front 28

Occipital Markings – Hypoglossal canals

Back 28

(cranial nerve XII

Front 29

Occipital Markings – Occipital condyle

Back 29

Articulate with atlas

Front 30

Occipital Markings – External occipital protuberance

Back 30

site of muscle attachment

Front 31

Occipital Markings – Superior and inferior nuchal lines

Back 31

site of muscle attachment

Front 32

What does Temporal Bones do?

Back 32

1. Lie inferior to parietal bones 2. Form the inferolateral portion of the skull

Front 33

The term “temporal”?

Back 33

Comes from Latin word for “time” refers to the fact that gray hair, a sign of time’s passage, appears first at the temples.

Front 34

The Sphenoid Bone?

Back 34

1. Spans the width of the cranial floor 2. Resembles a butterfly or bat 3. Consists of a body and three pairs of processes 4. Contains five important openings

Front 35

The Sphenoid Bone? Consists of a body and three pairs of processes?

Back 35

Lesser wing, greater wing and pterygold

Front 36

The Sphenoid Bone? Contains five important openings?

Back 36

Optic canal, superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, foramen spinosum

Front 37

Sella turcica (literally Turkish saddle)?

Back 37

Seat of the pituitary gland

Front 38

The Ethmoid Bone?

Back 38

1. Lies between nasal and sphenoid bones 2. Forms most of the medial bony region between the nasal cavity and orbits

Front 39

The Ethmoid Bone

Back 39

Know all parts

Front 40

Facial bones unpaired bones?

Back 40

Mandible and vomer

Front 41

Facial bones paired bones?

Back 41

Maxillae, Zygomatic bones, Nasal bones, Lacrimal bones, Palatine bones and Inferior nasal conchae

Front 42

What is the mandible?

Back 42

The lower jawbone is the largest and strongest facial bone

Front 43

What is the mandible? Composed of two main parts?

Back 43

Horizontal body and Two upright rami (projecting back parts)

Front 44

What are Maxillary bones?

Back 44

1. Articulate with all other facial bones except the mandible 2. Contains maxillary sinuses – largest paranasal sinuses 3. Forms part of the inferior orbital fussure

Front 45

Maxillary Bones

Back 45

See attached and know parts

Front 46

Other bones of the face. Zygomatic bones?

Back 46

Form lateral wall of orbits

Front 47

Nasal bones?

Back 47

Form bridge of nose

Front 48

Lacrimal Bones?

Back 48

Located in the medial orbital walls

Front 49

Palatine Bones?

Back 49

Complete the posterior part of the hard palate

Front 50

Vomer?

Back 50

Forms the inferior part of the nasal septum

Front 51

Bones of the face?

Back 51

See attached and know parts.

Front 52

Special Parts of the Skull?

Back 52

Orbits, Nasal cavity, Paranasal sinuses, and Hyoid bone

Front 53

Orbits?

Back 53

Seven bones of the skull join to form each orbit (eye socket) which contains the eye ball and associated structures.

Front 54

Nasal Cavity?

Back 54

The nasal cavity conditions the air to be received by the lateral areas of the respiratory tract of nose.

Front 55

Nasal Septum?

Back 55

It separates the left and right airways in the nose, dividing the two nostrils

Front 56

Paranasal Sinuses?

Back 56

1. Air-filled sinuses are located within (Frontal bone, Ethmoid bone, Sphenoid bone, and Maxillary bones) 2. Lined with mucous membrane 3. Serve to lighten the skull 4. Resonating chambers for voice, lighten the skull

Front 57

Paranasal sinuses?

Back 57

Sinusitis is inflammation of the membrane (allergic)

Front 58

The Vertebral Column? Ligamentum Flavum?

Back 58

A ligament that connects the laminae of two adjacent vertebrae which enhances stability

Front 59

Intervertebral Discs?

Back 59

1. Cushion-like pads between vertebrae 2. Act as shock absorbers

Front 60

Intervertebral Discs?

Back 60

1. Compose about 25% of height of vertebral column 2. Composed of Nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosis

Front 61

Nucleus pulposus?

Back 61

The soft, fibrocartilaginous central portion of the intervertebral disk

Front 62

Nucleus pulosus?

Back 62

1. The gelatinous inner sphere of intervertebral disc 2. Enables spine to absorb compressive stresses

Front 63

Annulus fibrosis?

Back 63

1. An outer collar of ligaments and fibrocartilage 2. Contains the nucleus pulposus 3. Functions to bind vertebrae together, resist tension of the spine, and absorb compressive forces

Front 64

Herniated Disc?

Back 64

1. May be caused by trauma to the spine 2. Aging is also a contributing factor (Nucleus pulposes loses cushioning properties and annulus fibrosis weakens)

Front 65

Regions and Normal Curvatures?

Back 65

1. Vertebral column is about 70 cm (28 inches) 2. Vertebral column is divided into 5 major Regions

Front 66

Vertebral column 5 major regions?

Back 66

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Coccyx

Front 67

Regions: Cervical vertebrae?

Back 67

7 vertebrae of the neck region

Front 68

Regions: Thoracic vertebrae?

Back 68

12 vertebrae of the thoracic region

Front 69

Regions: Lumbar vertebrae?

Back 69

5 vertebrae of the lower back

Front 70

Regions: Sacrum?

Back 70

5 fused vertebrae 1. Inferior to lumbar vertebrae 2. Articulates with coxal bones

Front 71

Normal Curvatures?

Back 71

4 distinct curvatures give vertebral column an S-shape 1. Cervical and lumbar curvature are concave posteriorly 2. Thoracic and sacral curvatures are convex posteriorly

Front 72

Normal Curvatures?

Back 72

Increases the resilience of the spine (Recover its size and shape after deformation caused especially by compressive stress.

Front 73

Regions Vertebral Characteristics?

Back 73

1. Specific regions of the spine perform specific functions 2. Types of movement that occur between vertebrae (flexion and extension, lateral flexion, rotation in the long axis)

Front 74

Seven cervical vertebrae (C1 – C7)

Back 74

Smallest and lightest vertebrae (they support the least load)

Front 75

Cervical Vertebrae- Transverse Processes?

Back 75

Transverse processes contain transverse foramina (for passage of the vertebral artery) Superior articular facets face superoposteriorly

Front 76

Cervical Vertebrae

Back 76

See Attached and know parts

Front 77

The Atlas?

Back 77

1. c1 is termed the atlas 2. Lacks a body and spinous proves 3. Supports the skull (Superior articular facets receive the occipital condyles) 4. Allows flexion and extension of neck (Nodding the head “yes”)

Front 78

The Atlas

Back 78

See attached and know parts

Front 79

The Axis?

Back 79

1. Has a body and spinous process 2. Dens (Odontoid process) projects superiorly

Front 80

Dens?

Back 80

1. Formed from fusion of the body of the atlas with the axis 2. Acts as pivot for rotation of the atlas and skull 3. Participates in rotating the head from side to side

Front 81

The Axis

Back 81

See attached and know parts

Front 82

Cervical 7?

Back 82

(C7) has a prominent nonbifid spinous process that can be felt at the base of the neck

Front 83

Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12)

Back 83

1. All articulate with ribs 2. Have heart-shaped bodies from the superior view 3. Each side of the body of T1 – T10 bears demifacets for articulation with ribs (T1 has a full facet for the first rib & T10 – T12 only have a sing facet)

Front 84

Thoracic Vertebrae?

Back 84

1. Spinous processes are long and point inferiorly 2. Vertebral foramen are circular 3. Transverse processes articulate with tubercles of ribs

Front 85

Thoracic Vertebrae?

Back 85

1. Superior articular facet point posteriorly 2. Inferior articular processes point anteriorly (Allows rotation and prevents flexion and extension)

Front 86

Lumbar Vertebrae (L1 – L5)?

Back 86

1. Bodies are thick and robust 2. Transverse processes are thin and tapered 3. Spinous processes are thick, blunt and point posteriorly

Front 87

Lumbar Vertebrae (L1 – L5)?

Back 87

1. Vertebral foramina are triangular 2. Superior and inferior articular facets directly medially 3. Allows flexion and extension – rotation prevented

Front 88

Lumbar Vertebrae?

Back 88

See attached and know parts

Front 89

Sacrum (S1 – S5)

Back 89

1. Shapes the posterior wall of pelvis 2. Formed from 5 fused vertebrae 3. Superior surface articulates with L5 4. Inferiorly articulates with coccyx

Front 90

Sacrum (S1 – S5) What is the Sacral promontory?

Back 90

Where the first sacral vertebrae bulges into pelvic cavity. Center of gravity is 1 cm posterior to sacral promontory

Front 91

Sacral foramina?

Back 91

Ventral foramina?

Front 92

Sacral foramina? Dorsal foramina?

Back 92

Passage for dorsal rami of sacral spinal nerves

Front 93

Sacrum

Back 93

See attached and know parts

Front 94

Coccyx?

Back 94

1. Is the “tailbone” 2. Formed from 3-5 fused vertebrae 3. Offers only slight support to pelvid organs

Front 95

Bony Thorax?

Back 95

1. Forms the framework of the chest 2. Components of the bony thorax (Thoracic vertebrae – posteriorly, ribs – laterally, sternum and costal cartilage – anteriorly) 3. Protects thoracic organs 4. Supports shoulder girdle and upper limbs 5. Provides attachment sites for muscles

Front 96

The Bony Thorax?

Back 96

See attached and know parts

Front 97

Sternum is formed from three sections?

Back 97

Manubrium, Body & Xiphoid Process

Front 98

Sternum Manubrium?

Back 98

Superior section (Articulates with medial end of clavicles)

Front 99

Sternum Body?

Back 99

Bulk of sternum (Sides are notched at articulations for costal cartilage of ribs 2-7

Front 100

Sternum Xiphoid Process?

Back 100

Inferior end of sternum (Ossifies around age 40)

Front 101

Sternum Anatonical Landmarks?

Back 101

Jugular Notch (Central indentation at superior border of the manubrium)

Front 102

Sternum Sternal Angle?

Back 102

A horizontal ridge where the manubrium joins the body

Front 103

Jugular Notch?

Back 103

It is the large, visible dip where the clavicles join the sternum

Front 104

Ribs?

Back 104

All ribs attach to vertebral column posteriorly 1. True ribs – superior seven pairs of ribs (Attached to sternum by costal cartilage) 2. False ribs – inferior five pairs of ribs 3. Ribs 11-12 are know as floating ribs

Front 105

Ribs?

Back 105

See attached and know parts

Front 106

Disorders of the Axial Skeleton – Scoliosis?

Back 106

Abnormal spinal curvatures Scoliosis – an abnormal lateral curvature

Front 107

Disorders of the Axial Skeleton – Kyphosys?

Back 107

An exaggerated thoracic curvature

Front 108

Disorders of the Axial Skeleton –Lordosis?

Back 108

An accentuated lumbar curvature “Swayback”

Front 109

Disorders of the Axial Skeleton –Stenosis

Back 109

Stenosis of the lumbar spine, a narrowing of the vertebrae canal

Front 110

The Axial Skeleton Throughout Life?

Back 110

1. Membrane bones begin to ossify in second month of development 2. Bone tissue grows outward from ossification centers. 3. Fontanels – Unossified remnants of membranes

Front 111

Fontanels?

Back 111

See attached and know parts

Front 112

The Axial Skeleton Throughout Life?

Back 112

1. Many bones of the face and skull form by intramembranous ossification 2. Endochondral bones of the skull (Occipital bone, Sphenoid, Ethmoid Bones, and Parts of the temporal Bone)

Front 113

The Axial Skeleton Throughout Life? Curvatures of the vertebral column?

Back 113

Primary curvatures – thoracic and sacral curvatures (an infant’s spine is C-shaped at birth)

Front 114

The Axial Skeleton Throughout Life? Curvatures of the vertebral column?

Back 114

Secondary curvatures – cervical and lumbar curvatures 1. Develop when a baby begins to walk 2. Redistributes weight of the upper body over the lower limbs

Front 115

The Axial Skeleton Throughout Life? Aging of the axial skeleton?

Back 115

1. Water content of the intervertebral discs decreases 2. By age 55, loss of a few centimeters in height is common 3. Thorax becomes more rigid 4. Bones lose mass with age