Chapter 7 & 8 Sociology Notes: Stratification In The U.s. & Global

Front 1

Absolute poverty

Back 1

A level of economic deprivation that exists when people don't have the means to secure the most basic necessities of life.

Front 2

Alienation

Back 2

A feeling of powerlessness and estrangement from other people and from oneself

Front 3

Capitalist class (bourgeoisie)

Back 3

Karl Marx's term for those who own and control the means of production.

Front 4

Caste System

Back 4

A system of social inequality in which people's status is permanently determined at birth based on their parents' ascribed characteristics.

Front 5

Class conflict

Back 5

Karl Marx's term for the struggle between the capitalist class the the working class.

Front 6

Class System

Back 6

A type of stratification based on the ownership and control of resources and on the type of work that people do.

Front 7

Feminization of poverty

Back 7

The trend in which women are disproportionately represented among individuals living in poverty.

Front 8

Income

Back 8

The economic gain derived from wages, salaries, income transfers (gov. aid) and ownership of property.

Front 9

Intergenerational mobility

Back 9

The social movement experienced by family members from one generation to the next.

Front 10

Intragenerational mobility

Back 10

The social movement of individuals within their own lifetime.

Front 11

Job deskilling

Back 11

A reduction in the proficiency needed to perform a specific job that leads to a corresponding reduction in the wages for that job.

Front 12

Life chances

Back 12

Max Weber's term for the extent to which individuals have access to important societal resources such as food, clothing, shelter, education, and health care.

Front 13

Meritocracy

Back 13

A hierarchy in which all positions are rewarded based on people's ability and credentials.

Front 14

Official poverty line

Back 14

The incomes standard that is based on what the federal government considers to be the minimum amount of money required for living at a subsistence level.

Front 15

Pink-collar occupations

Back 15

Relatively low-paying, non manual, semiskilled positions primarily held by women. (clerks, cashiers, servers)

Front 16

Power

Back 16

The ability of people or groups to achieve their goals despite opposition from others.

Front 17

Prestige

Back 17

The respect or regard with which a person or status position is given by others

Front 18

Relative poverty

Back 18

A level of economic deprivation that exists when people may be able to afford basic necessities but are still unable to maintain an average standard of living

Front 19

Slavery

Back 19

An extreme form of stratification in which some people are owned or controlled by others for the purpose of economic or sexual exploitation.

Front 20

Social mobility

Back 20

The movement of individuals or groups from one level in a stratification system to another.

Front 21

Social stratification

Back 21

The hierarchical arrangement of large social groups based on their control over basic resources.

Front 22

Socioeconomic status (SES)

Back 22

A combined measure that attempts to classify individuals, families, or households in terms of factors such as income, occupation, and education to determine class location.

Front 23

Underclass

Back 23

Those who are poor, seldom employed, and caught in long-term deprivation that results from low levels of education and income and high rates of unemployment.

Front 24

Wealth

Back 24

The value of all a person's or family's economic assets, including income, personal property, and income-producing property.

Front 25

Working class (proletariat)

Back 25

Karl Marx's term for those who must sell their labor to the owners in order to earn enough money to survive.

Front 26

Core nation

Back 26

According to world systems theory, nations that are dominant capitalist centers characterized by high levels of industrialization and urbanization.

Front 27

Dependency theory

Back 27

The beliefs that global poverty can at least partially be attributed to the fact that the low-income countries have been exploited by the high-income countries

Front 28

Global stratification

Back 28

The unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige on a global basis, resulting in people having vastly different lifestyles and life chances both within and among the nations of the world.

Front 29

Modernization theory

Back 29

A perspective that links global inequality to different levels of economic development and suggests that low-income economies can move to middle- and high-income economies by achieving self-substained economic growth.

Front 30

Peripheral nations

Back 30

According to world systems theory, nations that are dependent on core nations for capital, have little or no industrialization (other than from core nations), and have uneven patterns of urbanization.

Front 31

Semi-peripheral nations

Back 31

According to world systems theory, nations that are more developed than peripheral nations but less developed than core nations. (middle)