Chapter 7 Holt Sociology The Adult In Society

Front 1

What is a life structure?

Back 1

combination of statuses, roles, activities, goals, values, beliefs, and life circumstances that characterize an individual p 150

Front 2

Describe the early adulthood era of development.

Back 2

the first era of adulthood, spanning ages 17 through 39 (4 subcategories: Early Adult Transition, Entering the Adult World, Age 30 Transition and Settling Down period) p150

Front 3

Describe the middle adulthood era of development.

Back 3

the second era of adulthood, spanning the ages of 40-59 (4 subcategories: Midlife Transition, Entering Middle Adulthood, Age 50 Transistion, and Culmination of Middle Adulthood), p150

Front 4

Describe the late adulthood era of development.

Back 4

the third and last era of adulthood, spanning ages 60 and over p150

Front 5

What is the novice phase?

Back 5

term proposed by Daniel Levinson and his colleagues for the first three stages of the early adulthood era p151

Front 6

What is a mentor?

Back 6

someone who fosters an individual's development by believing in the person, sharing the person's dreams, and helping the person achieve those dreams p152

Front 7

Who was Daniel Levinson?

Back 7

he was a psychologist at Yale University who did an intensive long term study to determine the adult male developmental stages in the 1970s

Front 8

Who are Irene Frieze and Esther Sales?

Back 8

researchers who studied adult female development and found taht the processes for men and women are different. They suggested three phases of adult female development: leaving the family, entering the adult world, and entering the adult world again

Front 9

What, according to Daniel Levinson, are the three basic eras of male adulthood? Identify their major age ranges.

Back 9

early (ages 17-39) middle - (ages 40-59) and late - (ages 60 to 75+)

Front 10

What, according to Daniel Levinson, are the major characteristics of the early male adult era?

Back 10

early - ages 17-39, involves entering the adult world, choosing a career, establishing oneself in society and making and re-evaluating committments;

Front 11

What, according to Daniel Levinson, are the major characteristics of the middle male adult era?

Back 11

middle - ages 40-59, involves self-examination, reformulation of life goals, perhaps a midlife crise, realization of one's own mortality

Front 12

What, according to Daniel Levinson, are the major characteristics of the late male adult era?

Back 12

late - ages 60 to 75+ involves transitions

Front 13

According to Irene Frieze and Esther Sales, what factors distinguishes female development from male development?

Back 13

an emphasis on marriage over career, a break in employment for child rearing, and a later re-entrance into the labor force

Front 14

According to Irene Frieze and Esther Sales, what are the three states of adult female development?

Back 14

leaving the family, entering the adult workd, and entering the adult world again

Front 15

What is the labor force?

Back 15

the labor force is all individuals 16 and older who are employed in paid positions or who are seeking paid employment p157

Front 16

What is a profession?

Back 16

a profession is a high-status occupation that requires specialized skills obtained through formal education p157

Front 17

What is the definition of unemployment?

Back 17

umemployment is a situation that occurs when people do not have jobs but are actively seeking employment p157

Front 18

What is the employment rate?

Back 18

the employment rate is the percentage of the civilian labor force that is unemployed but actively seeking employment p157

Front 19

Give three examples of how the composition of the labor force has changes.

Back 19

Examples can include increases in the number of women and minorities in the labor force, a better-educated labor force, changes in the type of work people do and an increase in career changes

Front 20

What effect have technological developments, such as the computer, had on work in the United State?

Back 20

They have contributed significantly to the growth of the high-tech and service-producing sectors. Eight out of the ten top occupations are computer related.

Front 21

How has education changed the nature of work and the labor force?

Back 21

workers' education level has increased; about 90 percent of workers aged 25-64 have high school diplomas, and one third have college degrees, jobs. Most jobs require a high school dipoloma and more require degrees and specialized training

Front 22

How has farming and manufacturing changed the nature of work and the labor force?

Back 22

Farming and Manufacturing fell from 85% of US labor force in 1900 to 27% in 2000; most work now is in professions, office work, sales, and service jobs

Front 23

How have women changed the nature of work and the labor force?

Back 23

women have increased as a percentage of the total labor force; women now hold about half of all professional jobs

Front 24

How have minorities changed the nature of work and the labor force?

Back 24

Minorities have increased as a percentage of the total labor force; in particular Hispanics, who are the fastest growing group of American workers

Front 25

What are some reasons that people give for being satisfied in their job?

Back 25

income, control over their work, can us skills and talents, receive recognition and appreciation, safe workplace, flexible hours, job security, relations with co-workers

Front 26

What are some reasons people say they are dissatisfied with their job?

Back 26

stress, income, little chance of promotion, benefits (insurance, retirement plans)

Front 27

Are most Americans satisfied with their jobs?

Back 27

Yes, opinion polls and social-science research in the United States, regardless of what they do, are satisfied with their jobs.

Front 28

What are some jobs that were projected to grow in the last decade?

Back 28

computer jobs (computer engineers, computer support specialists, systems analysts, database administrators, etc), paralegals and legal assistants, medical and physician assistants, and social and human service assistants p161 chart

Front 29

True or False?
Career changes are becoming a common occurrence among American workers.

Back 29

True. Statistics indicate that the average worker will change careers from five to six times in a lifetime.

Front 30

What is gerontology?

Back 30

scientific study of the processes and phenomena of aging 164

Front 31

What is social gerontology?

Back 31

subfield of gerontology that studies the nonphysical aspects of aging p164

Front 32

Describe the young-old group of older people including age range and general topics of study.

Back 32

ages 65-74; issues related to the adjustment to retirement p165

Front 33

Describe the middle-old group of older people.

Back 33

ages 75-84; issues related to declining physical and mental functioning, dependency and death p165

Front 34

Describe the old-old group of older people.

Back 34

ages 85+; issues related to declining physical and mental functioning, dependency and death p165

Front 35

What is Alzheimer's disease?

Back 35

organic condition that results in the progressive destruction of brain cells p168

Front 36

What is dependency?

Back 36

shift from being an independent adult to being dependent on others for physical or financial assistance p170

Front 37

Into what three groups do gerontologists organize the aged population?

Back 37

young-old (65-74), middle-old (75-84), and old-old (85 years and older)

Front 38

What are some challenges facing aging Americans?

Back 38

challenges faced by aging Americans include the adjustment to retirement, declining physical and mental functioning, and dealing with dependency and death

Front 39

What are some of the factors that influence one's adjustment to retirement?

Back 39

the loss of work, economic independence, health and social networks

Front 40

Briefly describe Daniel Levinson's views on adult male development.

Back 40

Levinson identified three main eras of adult male development -- early, middle, and late adulthood. Each era begins with a transitional period followed by alternating stable and transitional periods.

Front 41

How does adult female development differ from adult male development?

Back 41

Adult female development emphasizes marriage and family over career, and child rearing often interrupts or halts career advancement.

Front 42

How has the composition of the American labor force changed?

Back 42

Changes include increases in the number of women and minority workers, a better-educated workforce, changes in the type of work people do (less farming & manufacturing, more sales and services), and rise in career changes

Front 43

In what ways did the nature of work in the United States change in the 1900s?

Back 43

During the 1900s, the majority of jobs shifted from being in faming, manufacturing and physical labor, to being in professions and service industries

Front 44

What challenges and opportunities are associated with the later stages of life?

Back 44

Challenges: adjusting to retirement, coping with changes in physical and mental functioning, and dealing with issues of dependency and death opportunities: freedom to pursue dreams, and start a new career

Front 45

What are the main characteristics of each stage of life during the later years of adulthood?

Back 45

young-old -- adjusting to retirement, middle-old and old-old -- concerns include declining physical health, dependency and death

Front 46

How and why are social networks important when adjusting to retirement?

Back 46

they contribute to retirees' quality of life by bolstering people's sense of identity (some of which may be tied to job)

Front 47

Why have views concerning intellectual ability in older adults changed in recent years?

Back 47

Recent research has show that most older adults retain their intellectual abilities throughout life.

Front 48

What is a life structure?

Back 48

the combination of statuses, roles, activities, goals, values, beliefs, and life circumstances that characterize a person

Front 49

What is a profession?

Back 49

a high-status occupation that requires specialized skills obtained through formal education

Front 50

What are some examples of professions?

Back 50

teacher, doctor, lawyer, accountant, etc.