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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is photosynthesis?
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when plants, autotrophic protists, and some bacteria use light energy to make sugars from C02 and 02
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what is an autotroph and what are some examples?
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self eater that makes their own food
ex. plants, algae |
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what is a heterotroph and what are some examples?
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they don't make their own food
ex. animals |
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Describe the experiments that scientists used to determine the source of o2 produced by plants and what they found?
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-experiment 1=plant was given co2 but didn't produce
-experiment 2=plant was given h20 and did produce *experiments showed that 02 made from photosynthesis comes from h20 and NOTT C02!!! |
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how is photosynthesis a redox reaction?
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-when h20 molecules are split they make 02 which=oxidized (they lose electrons and hydrogen)
-co2 is reduced to sugar as electrons and hydrogen is added |
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Describe the light reaction in 4 steps and where it occurs.
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1)occurs in thylakoid membranes
2)h20 splits making 02 gas 3)NADPH 4)makes ATP |
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Describe the Calvin cycle and where it occurs in 4 steps.
AKA DARK REACTION OR LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION |
1)occurs in the chloroplast
2)makes sugar using c02 and stuff from light reaction 3)occurs in the daytime but doesn't need light 4)uses NADPH and ATP from the light reaction to make sugar |
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Describe the colors of visible light and their wavelengths fron highest to lowest.
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ROYGBIV (range is 750-380)
*RED-750 *ORANGE-600 *YELLOW-550 *BLUE-450 *INDIGO-400 *VIOLET-380 |
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Describe chlorophyll A
1)does it work directly in light reaction? 2)what colors does it absorb? 3)what color does it reflect |
Chlorophyll a absorbs blue violet and red light and reflects green
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Describe chlorophyll B
1)what colors does it absorb? 2)what color does it reflect |
Chlorophyll b absorbs blue and orange and reflects yellow-green
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Describe carotenoids.
1)what colors? 2)what's its purpose? |
The carotenoids (xanthophylls and carotenes) absorb mainly blue-green light and reflect yellow and orange
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Structure of the Chloroplast:
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Chloroplasts are concentrated in the cells of the mesophyll, the green tissue in the interior of the leaf
Stomata are tiny pores in the leaf that allow carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen to exit Veins in the leaf deliver water absorbed by roots An envelope of two membranes encloses the stroma, the dense fluid within the chloroplast A system of interconnected membranous sacs called thylakoids segregates the stroma from another compartment, the thylakoid space Thylakoids are concentrated in stacks called grana |
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Difference between Absorbed, Reflected, and Transmitted Light
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Light may be absorbed, reflected or transmitted
Molecules that are capable of absorbing light are called “pigments” Plant pigments absorb some wavelengths of light and transmit others We see the color of the wavelengths that are transmitted; for example, chlorophyll transmits green |
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What happens when photon reach pigment molecules?
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Pigments in chloroplasts are responsible for absorbing photons (capturing solar power), causing release of electrons
The electrons jump to a higher energy level—the excited state—where electrons are unstable The electrons drop back down to their “ground state,” and, as they do, release their excess energy |
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Difference between Photosystem 1 and 2? and transfer of electrons through the two photosystem?
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Photosystem II, which functions first, is called P680 because its pigment absorbs light with a wavelength of 680 nm
Photosystem I, which functions next, is called P700 because it absorbs light with a wavelength of 700 nm During the light reactions, light energy is transformed into the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH To accomplish this, electrons removed from water pass from photosystem II to photosystem I and are accepted by NADP+ The bridge between photosystems II and I is an electron transport chain that provides energy for the synthesis of ATP |
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Describe the Chloroplast and its parts?
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Chloroplasts are organelles consisting of photosynthetic pigments, enzymes, and other molecules grouped together in membranes
The ability to photosynthesize is directly related to the structure of chloroplasts Chloroplasts are concentrated in the cells of the mesophyll, the green tissue in the interior of the leaf Stomata are tiny pores in the leaf that allow carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen to exit Veins in the leaf deliver water absorbed by roots An envelope of two membranes encloses the stroma, the dense fluid within the chloroplast A system of interconnected membranous sacs called thylakoids segregates the stroma from another compartment, the thylakoid space T hylakoids are concentrated in stacks called grana |
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What happens when Photon reach pigment molecules?
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Pigments in chloroplasts are responsible for absorbing photons (capturing solar power), causing release of electrons
The electrons jump to a higher energy level—the excited state—where electrons are unstable The electrons drop back down to their “ground state,” and, as they do, release their excess energy |
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Describe the structure of Photosystem 1 and photosystem 2? and explain the transfer of electron through the two photosystem?
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Photosystem II, which functions first, is called P680 because its pigment absorbs light with a wavelength of 680 nm
Photosystem I, which functions next, is called P700 because it absorbs light with a wavelength of 700 nm During the light reactions, light energy is transformed into the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH To accomplish this, electrons removed from water pass from photosystem II to photosystem I and are accepted by NADP+ The bridge between photosystems II and I is an electron transport chain that provides energy for the synthesis of ATP |
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What is the final electron acceptor in Photosynthesis and what is formed?
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final electron acceptor is- NADP+
and it's formed NADPH. |
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Describe the Calvin Cycle? what are the reactants and what is the first product formed? Name the First Enzyme involved in the cycle?
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The Calvin cycle makes sugar within a chloroplast
To produce sugar, the necessary ingredients are atmospheric CO2, ATP, and NADPH, which were generated in the light reactions Using these three ingredients, an energy-rich, three-carbon sugar called glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) is produced A plant cell may then use G3P to make glucose and other organic molecules The starting material for the Calvin cycle is a five-carbon sugar named ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) The next step is a carbon (CO2) fixation step aided by an enzyme called rubisco This is repeated over and over, one carbon at a time The first Enzyme is Rubisco. |
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What is C3 Plants?
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C3 plants is a three carbon compound 3-PGA.
C3 plants are common and widely distrubed. Ex: soybeans, oats, wheat and rice. -C3 plants are hard to grow in hot, dry weather. |
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What is C4 Plants
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they precede the calvin cycle by first fixing CO2 into a four carbon compound.
C4 plant keeps it stomata mostly closed, thus conserving water. -it continue to make sugar by photosynthesis. it is advantageous in hot, dry climates, which is where C4 plants evolved and thrive today. ex: corn and sugarcane. |
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What is CAM plants?
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Another adaptation to hot and dry environments has evolved in the CAM plants, such as pineapples and cacti
CAM plants conserve water by opening their stomata and admitting CO2 only at night When CO2 enters, it is fixed into a four-carbon compound, like in C4 plants, and in this way CO2 is banked It is released into the Calvin cycle during the day |
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What is Greenhouse effect? What is Global warming? How can plants help mitigate these adverse effects?
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The greenhouse effect results from solar energy warming our planet
Gases in the atmosphere (often called greenhouse gases), including CO2, reflect heat back to Earth, keeping the planet warm and supporting life However, as we increase the level of greenhouse gases, Earth’s temperature rises above normal, initiating problems Increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases lead to global warming, a slow but steady rise in Earth’s surface temperature: The extraordinary rise in CO2 is mostly due to the combustion of carbon-based fossil fuels The consequences of continued rise will be melting of polar ice, changing weather patterns, and spread of tropical disease Plants can help by -Perhaps photosynthesis can mitigate the increase in atmospheric CO2 However, there is increasing widespread deforestation, which aggravates the global warming problem |
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What is Ozone layer? How is it formed? Why is it important? What causes a depletion of this layer?
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Mario Molina is the scientist who research on OZONE LAYER.
Ozone provides a protective layer (the ozone layer) in our atmosphere to filter out powerful ultraviolet radiation that comes from the sun. Dr. Molina showed that industrial chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs, deplete the ozone layer. The ozone forms when high energy solar radiation breaks apart 02, molecules and free oxygen atoms. These then reacts with unbroken O2 molecules. The result is Ozone, which has three oxygen atoms(03). So ozone is continuously forming by the action of sunlight on the atmosphere. |
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What is carbon Fixation?
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During the Calvin cycle, CO2 is incorporated into organic compounds, in a process called carbon fixation
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what is photons?
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A photon is a fixed quantity of light energy
the shorter the wavelength, the greater the energy |
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what is Electromagnetic spectrum?
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Visible light is only a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum, the full range of electromagnetic wavelengths
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What is Pigments?
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Molecules that are capable of absorbing light are called “pigments”
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what is Photophosphorylation?
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ATP synthase couples the flow of H+ to the phosphorylation of ADP
The chemiosmotic production of ATP in photosynthesis is called photophosphorylation |
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What is Stomata
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Stomata are tiny pores in the leaf that allow carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen to exit
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what is photosystem
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consists of a number of light harvesting complexes surrounding a reaction center complex. and happens in the thylakoid membrane.
The reaction center is always occupied by a chlorophyll a pigment molecule, while the other surrounding complexes may be chlorophyll a, b or carotenoids. |
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what is chemiosmosis
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Interestingly, chemiosmosis is the mechanism that not only is involved in oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria but also generates ATP in chloroplasts
ATP is generated because the electron transport chain produces a concentration gradient of hydrogen ions across a membrane |
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what is Photorespiration
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Rubisco adds oxygen instead of carbon dioxide to RuBP and produces a two-carbon compound, a process called photorespiration
Unlike photosynthesis, photorespiration produces no sugar, and unlike respiration, it produces no ATP |
