Chapter 7 - Knowing

Front 1

Hvordan kan forskellen mellem epesodisk og semantisk hukommelse ses via neurovidenskab?

Back 1

- epesodisk:
mere afhængig af hjerneregioner som eks hippocampus og "anterior prefrontal cortex"

- semantisk:
mest lateral temporal lobe og postrior prfrontal cortex

Front 2

Påvirker verbet ens svar

Back 2

JA!: eks ved verbet: "bilen smadrede ind i den anden bil" = giver svar med højere hastighed, kontra "bilen ramte ind i den anden bil"

Front 3

Hvordan mente "Collings og Quillian" at hukommelse blev fremkaldt

Back 3

- i et netværk "nodes in a network":
an interrelated set of concepts or interrelated body of knowledge > each concept is represented as a node, a point or location in the semantic space > concept node are linked by pathways: labeled, directional associations between concepts.

Front 4

Hvilken proces sker i netværket

Back 4

- spreading activation:
the mental activity of accessing and retrieving information from this network.

The spread of activation is triggered each time a concept is activated in semantic memory

-- relationen mellem to koncepter hedder. "proposition"

Front 5

Hvad bestod Smith's model af?

Back 5

- feature list > collection of lists of semantic features:
simple one-element characteristics or properties of the concept.

-- defining feature:
such as animate for "BIRD". Conversely, features that are not defining (e.g., "ROBIN" perches in trees) would be at the bottom. These lower features are called characteristic features, features that are common but not essential to the meaning of the concept.

- 1. true/false judgment"
- 2. sammenligner two concepts mellem 1-10

Front 6

Stiger RT når distancen mellem to koncepter forøges?

Back 6

- JA

Front 7

Semantic relatedness effect

Back 7

- concepts that are more highly interrelated can be retrieved and judged true more rapidly than those with a lower degree of relatedness

Front 8

- Læses ord med flere features hurtigere ned nogle med få?

- lærer man hurtiger nye ting om noget man i forvejen har en viden om

Back 8

- JA


- JA

Front 9

- Prime


- target


- facilitation/benefits


- inhibition/costs

- SOA

Back 9

- Any item that is presented first, to see whether it influences a later process

- the item that follows the prime; the target is that later information

- positive influence on processing

- when the prime slows down RT performance to the target, the negative influence on processing

- is the length of time between onset of the prime and the onset of the target

Front 10

Lexical decisions

Back 10

- task in which people judge wether a string of letters is a word

-- result: related words such as "bread butter" are judged more quickly as words than two unreleated words such as "nurse butter".

Front 11

Foregår priming bevidst eller ubevidst

Back 11

- Det foregår ubevidst og super hurtigt

Front 12

Barletts "reconstructive memory"

Back 12

we contrcut a memory by combining elements from the original material together with existing knowledge

Front 13

Når mennesker genfortælle historier, hvad husker de da?

Back 13

- de husker de overordnede ting, og IKKE detaljerne. Derudover tilføjer de ting, som ikke var med > dette kommer fra eksisterende viden.

Front 14

Schema

Back 14

- a stored framework or body of knowledge about some topic
-- Bartlett claimed that when we encounter new material, such as the "ghosts" story, we try to relate the material to something we already know, to existing schemata. If the material does not match an existing scema then we tend to alter the material to make it fit

Front 15

Scripts

Back 15

the large-scale semantic knowledge structures that guide our interpretation and comprehension of ordered daily experience

Front 16

frames

Back 16

details about specific events within the script

-- this prepares you to recieve specific information about those frames

Front 17

Classical view of categorization

Back 17

takes the position that people create and use categories based on a system of rules

Front 18

Members of a category:
- central tendency

- typicality effects

Back 18

- the idea that there is some mental core or center to the category where the best memebers will be found

- the degree to which items are viewed as typical, central members of a category.
-- in general, the time to make category judgments depends on how typical or central the item is in its category.

Front 19

- Family resemble

- correlated attributes

Back 19

- ting som mange i en kategori har, men ikke alle

- medlemmer om er tæt relateret huskes centralt kontra nogle længere væk fra

Front 20

Probalistic theories

Back 20

- Kategorier laves, ved at der tages en masse semantisk hukommelse ind, og ser på sandsynligheden

Front 21

prototype

Back 21

- central, core instance of a category

Front 22

exemplar theory

Back 22

- which assumes that when people think about categories, they are mentally taking into account each experience, instance or example, of the various encounters that have been experienced with members of the category

Front 23

ad hoc categories

Back 23

- categorien a person creates based on situational circumstances, and which have characteristics of regular categories

Front 24

explanation-based theories

Back 24

semantic categories are essentially theories of the world we create to explain why things are the way they are.

Front 25

psychological essentialism

Back 25

treat memebers of a category as if they have the same underlying , perhaps invisible, property or essence.

Front 26

category-specific deficit

Back 26

a disruption in which the person loses access to one semantic category of words or concepts while note losing others

Front 27

modularity

Back 27

is a theoretical perspective in which different abilities, characteristics, types of cognitive processes, and so forth are theorized to be represented in separate components or modules in memory

Front 28

lexical memory

Back 28

the mental lexicon or dictionary where our world knowledge (as distinct from conceptual knowledge) is stored

Front 29

Anomia

Back 29

a deficit in word finding