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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cell Respiration |
*Process called this due to mitochondria giving off CO2 and taking in O2 *Reason why we breathe *Point of cell respiration- to slowly break down glucose & extract the energy from what we eat & to make it into a usable form for the cell, which is ATP *ATP activates our metabolism to keep us alive |
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Components of Mitochondria |
*cristae * intermembrane space *matrix *double membrane: inner and outer |
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Mitochondria |
*made up of two membranes * Inner membrane separates the matrix from the inner-membrane space. *folds in inner membrane are called cristae *Cristae are embedded with: *Proteins that pump protons * ATP synthase enzymes that generate ATP |
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Matrix |
The open area within the middle of the mitochondria- inner area- rich in enzymes for carbohydrate breakdown |
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Oxidation |
Removal of Hydrogen Atoms *Hydrogens removed from glucose *Gives waste product carbon dioxide |
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Reduction |
Addition of Hydrogen Atoms *Oxygen accepts hydrogens *Become waste product water |
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3 Major Parts of Cell Respiration |
1.Glycolysis
*Anaerobic (no oxygen) 2.The Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) *Aerobic (oxygen needed) 3. Electron Transport System *Electron transport *Proton translocation *Chemiosmotic phosphorylation |
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Glycolysis |
*Occurs in the cytosol of the cell * Anaerobic *Breaks glucose down *Requires energy (2 ATP) to get started *Results in: -Net Gain of 2 ATP -2 pyruvate molecules -Electrons and protons carried the ETC |
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Aerobic Vs. Anaerobic |
With air vs. Without air |
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Aerobic |
-After glycolysis, the process proceeds inside of the mitochondria. -There is a complete oxidation of the organic compound. -The oxidized compounds release the electrons which are used to produce ATP. |
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Anaerobic |
-Fermentation -this process does not take place inside of the mitochondria. -Pyruvate is reduced to form either alcohol or lactate: *alcoholic Fermentation- In yeast * Lactic Acid Fermentation- In humans |
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Krebs Cycle (TCA Cycle) |
*Occurs in the mitochondria -Pyruvate must be transferred from cytosol to the mitochondria *Each pyruvate molecule goes through TCA, meaning for every glucose molecule, there are two turns of the TCA cycle. *Electrons and protons carried to the ETC |
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Citric Acid Cycle |
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Electron Transport System |
*Embedded in Cristae of mitochondria *Series of carriers pass electrons from one to the other *NADH and FADH2 deliver electrons |
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Electron Transport System Cont. |
*Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
-Transport electrons through cristae membrane *Proton Translocation -Sets up proton gradient across membrane *Chemiosmotic Phosphorylation
-The electrons from the oxidation reaction of TCA Cycle are used to produce ATP * every time NAD+ is picked up hydrogen atoms (protons and electrons) to become NADH plus H it shuttled those extra hydrogen atoms to the ET system where they are used to Phophorylate (add a phosphate to) ADP, which yield ATP |
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Phase 2: Proton Translocation |
Translocated from the matrix inside the mitochondria to the inner-membrane space Creates a proton gradient -High concentration inside of inner-membrane space (reservoir) -Low concentration outside of cristae (matrix) |
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Phase 3: Chemiosmotic Phosphorylation |
-The moving of protons through the ATP synthase protein
-ADPs are converted to ATPs |
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Energy Yield from Glucose Metabolism |
Max of 38 ATPs or less Some make 36 ATPs or less 36-38 ATP is about 40% of available energy in a glucose molecule Rest is lost to heat |
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Alternative Metabolic Pathways |
*Cells use other other energy sources *Fatty acids have longer carbon chains- yields more ATP *Intermediates can also be used to make other products *Extra food made into fate for storage |
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Fermentation |
*Anaerobic breakdown of glucose *In the absence of oxygen, NADH passes e- off to pyruvate (reducing it to make either lactic acid or alcohol. -Generates only 2 ATP total *Animal cells -Pyruvate reduced to lactate -Brief burst of energy for muscle cells -Recovery from oxygen deficit complete when enough oxygen is present to completely break down glucose -Lactate converted back to pyruvate or glucose |
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Microorganisms and fermentation |
Bacteria use fermentation to produce *lactate or other organic acids *Alcohol and carbon dioxide Yeast- Carbon dioxide makes bread rise, ethanol made in wine and beer |
