Biology Ch 7 Cellular Respiration

Front 1

Cellular respiration

Back 1

complex process in which cells make ATP (adenosine triphosphate) by breaking down organic compounds

Front 2

Link autotroph and/or heterotroph with the appropriate functions:
1. photosynthesis
2. cellular respiration

Back 2

1. autotroph only
2. autotroph and heterotroph

Front 3

Name the 2 stages of Cellular Respiration

Back 3

1. Glycolysis
2. Aerobic respiration

Front 4

Fermentation

Back 4

The combination of glycolysis and anerobic pathways

Front 5

aerobic

anerobic

Back 5

with oxygen

without oxygen

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Glycolysis

Back 6

The first step of cellular respiration, in which organic compounds (proteins, carbohydrates,and fats), are converted into three carbon molecules of pyruvic acid,and a small amount of ATP and NADPH. It is an anerobic reaction.

Front 7

Aerobic respiration

Back 7

The second step of cellular respiration, with oxygen present, pyruvic acid is broken down and NADH is used to make a large amount of ATP

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LIGHT REACTIONS + CALVIN CYCLE=

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PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Front 9

GLYCOLOSIS + AEROBIC RESPIRATION=

Back 9

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Front 10

How is lactic acid, ethyl alcohol made?

Back 10

Process of fermentation, wherein pyruvic acid in an anerobic pathway breaks down into these compounds.

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OXIDATION

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LOSS OF ELECTRONS

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REDUCTION

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GAIN OF ELECTRONS

Front 13

give the equation for cellular respiration

Back 13

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -----------
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP)

Front 14

Glycolysis

Back 14

Stage 1 of cellular respiration in which one six-carbon molecule of glucose is oxidized to produce two three-carbon molecules of pyruvic acid. There are specific enzymes needed and all the steps take place in the cytosol.

Front 15

Step 1 of Glycolysis

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Two phosphate groups are attached to one molecule of glucose forming a new 6carbon compound that has two phosphate groups. The phosphate groups are supplied by two ATP.

Front 16

Step 2 of glycolysis

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The 6 carbon compound is split into 2 three carbon molecules, G3P, gyleraldehyde 3-phosphate
(G3P also produced in The Calvin cycle in photosynthesis)

Front 17

Step 3 of Glycolysis

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The two G3P are oxidized and each get a phosphate group yielding 2 molecules of a new three carbon compound.
The oxidation of G3P is done by reduction of two NAD+ to NADH.

Front 18

Name 3 organic molecules used as reductants (molecules to accept electrons in redox reactions) and tell if it is P or C

Back 18

NAD+ glycolysis of cellular respiration
NADP light reaction of photosynthesis
FAD Kreb's cycle of cellular respiration

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Step 4 (final) of glycolysis

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the phosphate groups (4, 2 fro step 1 and 2 from step 3) are removed to yield two molecules of the 3 carbon molecule, pyruvic acid. The phosphates are attached to ADP to yield 4 ATP

Front 20

What is the net yield of ATP in glycolysis?

Back 20

2 ATP

2ATP are used in step 1, and 4ATP are produced in step 4.

Front 21

Glycolysis has a net yield of ____ATP for every ___molecule of glucose that is converted into ___________.

Back 21

two , one, pyruvic acid

Front 22

If oxygen is present Cellular respiration continues as _______ enters the pathways of _______ respiration.

Back 22

pyruvic acid
aerobic

Front 23

If oxygen is absent, anerobic conditions, Cellular respiration continues as ________enters __________.

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pyruvic acid (product of glycolysis)
fermentation
Note fermentation takes place in the cytosol.

Front 24

Does fermentation produce ATP?
What is recycled from fermentation?

Back 24

NO

NAD+ from NADH
This allows for the continued production of ATP in glycolysis.

Front 25

What causes fermentation pathways to differ?
What is the common factor of all fermentation pathways?

Back 25

the type of different enzymes used, and the compounds produced///////they all start with pyruvic acid, they recycle NAD+ from NADH

Front 26

Name 2 common fermentation pathways, and their products

Back 26

LACTIC ACID- dairy products: cheese, buttermilk, yogurt, sour cream
ALCOHOLIC- wine and beer, breads

Front 27

Performed by microorganisms
involves the transfer of one hydrogen atom and the addition of one free proton H+ to pyruvic acidand the oxidation of NADH to NAD+

Back 27

LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION

Front 28

Name an example of fermentation in the human body

Back 28

muscles cells during strenuous excercise, when O2 is depleted by the cells rapidly in glycolysis. This results in acidic environment that can reduce the capacity of the cells to contract-leading to muscle fatigue, pain, cramps

Front 29

Where is lactic acid in the human body transported? Why?

Back 29

thru simple diffusion it enters the blood and returns to the liver where it can be converted back into pyruvic acid.

Front 30

Performed by yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), a fungus in 2 steps. Step 1 a CO2 molecule is removed from pyruvic acid leaving a 2carbon compound and step2 two hydrogen atoms are added to the 2carbon to form ethyl ________.

Back 30

ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION
alcohol

Front 31

What can the released CO2 in the alcoholic fermentation pathway be used for

Back 31

the 'carbonization' of sparkling wines, champagne
used to cause bread to rise in baking (Judy's rolls)

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KILOCALORIE

Back 32

a unit of measurement of energy
1 unit= 1,000 calories

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kilo

Back 33

Greek, means thousand

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calor

Back 34

Latin, means heart

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EFFICIENCY OF GLYCOLYSIS===2%

Back 35

Energy required to make ATP
------------------------------------------
Energy released by oxidation of glucose

Front 36

If the energy of glucose oxidation in glycolysis yields only 2% of the total contained energy of glucose, where is remainder stored?

Back 36

It is still held within pyruvic acid

Front 37

In the history of life on Earth, what energy pathway did the first organisms use?

Back 37

glycolysis, by the prokaryotes, bacteria

Front 38

In the evoloutionary process what did the advent of photosynthetic organisms offer?

Back 38

Oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis that may have stimulated the evolution of organisms that make most of their ATP through aerobic respiration

Front 39

Aerobic respiration produces nearly ______times as much ATP as is produced by glycolysis.

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TWENTY

Front 40

What are the two major stages of aerobic respiration?

Back 40

the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain (chemiosmosis, the use of the energy released as protons move across a membrane to make ATP)

Front 41

What makes more ATP, the Kreb's cycle or the electron transport chain via chemiosmosis?

Back 41

the electron transport chain

Front 42

In a prokaryotic cell such as a bacteria, where does cellular respiration take place?

Back 42

the cytosol of the cell

Front 43

In a eukaryotic cell where does the Kreb's cycle and electron transport take place?

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inside the mitochondria

Front 44

Where does the Kreb's cycle take place in an eukaryotic cell?

Back 44

in the mitochondrial matrix

Front 45

Where does the electron transport chain work inside an eukaryotic cell?

Back 45

in the folds of the inner membrane, the cristae, of the mitochondria

Front 46

Where is the mitochondrial matrix located?

Back 46

the space inside the inner membrane of a mitochondrion

Front 47

What does pyruvic acid,, the product of glycolysis (occurs in the cytosol) go to become Acetyl CoA? What enzyme is used?

Back 47

the mitochondrial matrix, acetyl coenzyme A synthetase

Front 48

State the reaction for conversion of pyruvic acid (3carbon) to Acety Coenzyme A (2 carbon)

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pyruvic acid(3C) + coenzyme A synthetase will yield CO2 (1C) and the reduction of one molecule of NAD+ to NADH + H

Front 49

What does the Kreb cycle break acetyl CoA into?

Back 49

CO2, hydrogen atoms, and ATP

Front 50

Step 1 of Kreb's cycle

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Acetyl CoA (2C) combines with oxaloacetic acid (4C) to produce citric acid (6C); this reaction will regenerate coenzyme A

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Step 2 of Kreb's cycle

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citric acid releases CO2, and a Hydrogen atom to make a 5carbon compound. This is a redox step in that citric acid is oxidized and NAD+ is reduced to NADH.

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Step 3 of Kreb's cycle

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The 5carbon compound now releases a CO2 and a hydrogen atom forming a 4carbon compound. NAD+ is reduced to NADH and a molecule of ATP formed from ADP.

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Step4 of Kreb's cycle

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The 4 carbon compound releases a Hydrogen atom to from another 4carbon compound. The H+ reduces FAD to FADH2.

Front 54

Step 5 of Kreb's cycle

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The 4 carbon compound releases a hydrogen atom to regenerate oxaloacetic acid, which keeps the Krebs cycle going. The electron also reduces NAD+ to NADH.

Front 55

What produces more ATP, glycolysis or the Kreb's cycle?

Back 55

Neither!, they both yield 2 ATP

Front 56

At what stage of cellular respiration does most of the energy transfer from glucose to ATP occur?

Back 56

The second stage: Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

Front 57

How many NADH and FADH2 molecules from one glucose molecule enter the final stage of cellular respiration?

Back 57

10 NADH (2 from glycolysis, 2 from conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA, and 6 from the Krebs cycle)

Front 58

What is the second stage of cellular respiration?

Back 58

electron transport chain linked with chemiosmosis

Front 59

Where is the electron transport chain of cellular respiration located in a prokaryotic cell?

Back 59

in the cell membrane

Front 60

Where is the electron transport chain of cellular respiration located in an eukaryotic cell?

Back 60

It is in the folds of the inner membrane of the mitochondria. These folds are called the cristae.

Front 61

Step 1 of the electron transport chain of cellular respiration

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NADH and FADH2 give up electrons. NADH is the first donor and FADH2 does so further down the chain. Both molecules are also giving up protons(hydrogen ions, H+)

Front 62

Step 2 of the electron transport chain of cellular respiration

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The electrons are passed down the chain from molecule to molecule, losing energy

Front 63

Step 3 of the electron transport chain of cellular respiration

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the energy lost from the electrons of step3 are used to pump protons from the matrix. This builds a concentration gradient of protons across the inner membrane, and a resulting electrical gradient
(protons carry a positive charge)

Front 64

Step 4 of the electron transport chain of cellular respiration
What drives the synthesis of ATP in the second stage of cellular respiration

Back 64

The concentration and electrical gradients of protons. As protons move through the ATP synthetase and down their concentration and electrical gradientsATP is made from ADP and P.

Front 65

Step 5 (final) of electron transport and chemiosmosis in cellular respiration

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Oxygen is the final acceptor of electrons that passed down the chain. Oxygen also accepts protons that were part of the hydrogen atoms from NADH and FADH2. The electrons, oxygen and protons all combine to form water.

Front 66

State the final step of electron transport and chemiosmosis in cellular respiration, in equation form

Back 66

O2 + 4e + 4H+ _____ 2H2O

Front 67

What might result from dysfunction of mitochondria?

Back 67

aging symptoms, Alzheimer's disease, and cancer
(thru the consequences of free radicals)

Front 68

Define free radicals

Back 68

very reactive atoms with one or more unpaired electrons that can quickly react with DNA, and protein and cause disruption to normal cell activities. Free radicals are made of stray electrons (leaked from mitochondria) that combine with oxygen

Front 69

apoptosis

Back 69

programmed cell death
it is believed that signals from mitochondria may initiate or continue the apoptosis process)

Front 70

Do mitochondria have their own DNA?

Back 70

YES

Front 71

What is the importance of oxygen in the process of cellular respiration?

Back 71

Oxygen must be present to accept electrons from the last molecule in the electron transport chain; otherwise, chemiosmosis would halt and ATP would cease to be produced

Front 72

What is the maximal number of ATP molecules made in cellular respiration?

Back 72

38 (maximal yield)

Front 73

What is the actual production number of ATP per glucose molecule?

Back 73

36, because 2ATP are consumed in the active transport of NADH across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion

Front 74

EFFICIENCY OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION=

Back 74

Energy required to make ATP
---------------------------------------------
Energy released by oxidation of glucose 39%

Front 75

What is more efficient, cellular respiration or glycolysis?

Back 75

Cellular respiration (20X more efficient)

Front 76

Glycolysis

Back 76

Glucose is converted into pyruvic acid, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH

Front 77

Aerobic Respiration

Back 77

Pyruvic acid is converted into CO2 and water in the presence of oxygen, producing a large amount of ATP

Front 78

Equation for complete oxidation of glucose in cellular respiration

Back 78

C H 0 + 6H 0------- 6CO + 6H O + energy(ATP)

Front 79

What type of molecules can be used as fuel in cellular respiration?

Back 79

GLUCOSE, breakdown products of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates

Front 80

True or False:
THe products of photosynthesis are reactants in cellular respiration, and the products of cellular respiration are reactants in photosynthesis

Back 80

True:
6CO + 6H O---------- C H O + 6O

Front 81

True or False:
Cellular Respiration is the reverse of photosynthesis

Back 81

False

Front 82

State a role for cellular respiration, other than the obvious of producing ATP

Back 82

to build specific compounds that may not be contained in the food that a heterotroph consumes ( 10 of the amino acids needed by the human body can be made with compounds diverted from the krebs cycle)