Chapter 7: Infancy: Social And Emotional Development

Front 1

attachment

Back 1

an affectional bond between individuals characterized by a seeking of closeness or contact and a show of distress upon separation

Hint 1

Attachment is what most people refer to as affection or love. pg 216

Front 2

separation anxiety

Back 2

fear of being separated from a target of attachment, usually a primary caregiver.

Hint 2

When they cannot maintain contact, infants show behaviors suggestive of separation anxiety. P. 216

Front 3

Secure attachment

Back 3

A type of attachment characterized by showing mild distress at leave-takings, seeking nearness to an attachment figure, and being readily soothed by this figure.

Hint 3

Broadly, infants show either secure attachment or insecure attachment. P. 216

Front 4

Avoidant attachment

Back 4

a type of insecure attachment characterized by apparent indifference to the eave-taking of, and reunions with, an attachment figure.

Hint 4

The two major types of insecure attachment are avoidant attachment and ambivalent/resistant attachment. p. 216.

Front 5

Ambivalent/resistant attachment

Back 5

a type of insecure attachment characterized by severe distress at the leave-takings of, and ambivalent behavior at reunions with, an attachment figure.

Hint 5

pg 217

Front 6

disorganized-disoriented attachment

Back 6

A type of insecure attachment characterized by dazed and contradictory behaviors toward an attachment figure.

Hint 6

Additional categories of insecure attachment have been proposed, including disorganized-disoriented attachment. pg 216.

Front 7

indiscriminate attachment

Back 7

the display of attachment behaviors toward any person

Hint 7

At first, the Ugandan infants showed indiscriminate attachment: that is, they showed no particular preferences for the mother or another familiar caregiver. pg 219

Front 8

initial pre-attachment phase

Back 8

the first phase in the formation of bonds of attachment , lasting from birth to about 3 months of age and characterized by indiscriminate attachment

Hint 8

pg 220

Front 9

attachment-in-the-making phase

Back 9

the second phase in the development of attachment occurring at 3 or 4 months of age and characterized by preference for familiar figures.

Hint 9

pg 220

Front 10

Clear-cut attachment phase

Back 10

The third phase in the development of attachment, occurring at 6 or 7 months of age and characterized by intensified dependence on the primary caregiver.

Hint 10

pg 220

Front 11

Contact comfort

Back 11

The pleasure derived from physical contact with another; a hypothesized need or drive for physical contact with another.

Hint 11

pg 222

Front 12

social smile

Back 12

a smile that occurs in response to a human voice or face.

Hint 12

pg 222

Front 13

Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs)

Back 13

developmental disorders - including autism, Asperger's syndrome, Rett's disorder, and childhood disintegrative disorder- that are characterized by impaired communication skills, poor social interactions, and repetitive, stereotyped behavior.

Hint 13

pg 233.

Front 14

Autism

Back 14

An autism spectrum disorder characterized by extreme aloneness, communication problems, intolerance of change, and ritualistic behavior.

Hint 14

pg 234

Front 15

mutism

Back 15

Inability or refusal to speak.

Hint 15

p. 234

Front 16

echolalia

Back 16

The automatic repetition of sounds or words.

Hint 16

p. 234

Front 17

Emotion

Back 17

A state of feeling that has physiological, situational, and cognitive components.

Hint 17

p. 239

Front 18

Differential emotions theory

Back 18

Izard's view that the major emotions are distinct at birth but emerge gradually in accord with maturation and the child's developing needs.

Hint 18

p. 239

Front 19

Stranger anxiety

Back 19

A fear of unfamiliar people that emerges between 6 and 9 months of age. Also called fear of strangers.

Hint 19

p. 240

Front 20

Social referencing

Back 20

Using another person's reaction to a situation to form one's own assessment of it.

Hint 20

p. 240

Front 21

Emotional regulation

Back 21

Techniques for controlling one's emotional states.

Hint 21

p. 241

Front 22

Personality

Back 22

An individuals distinctive ways of responding to people and events.

Hint 22

p. 242

Front 23

Self-concept

Back 23

One's impression of oneself; self-awareness.

Hint 23

p. 242

Front 24

Temperament

Back 24

Individual differences in styles of reaction that are present early in life.

Hint 24

p. 242

Front 25

Goodness of fit

Back 25

Agreement between the parents' expectations of, or demands on, the child and the child's temperamental characteristics .

Hint 25

p. 245

Front 26

T or F: Infants who are securely attached to their mothers do not like to stray from them. pg 217

Back 26

Infants who are securely attached to their mothers are actually likely to "stray" from their mothers, but the reason is apparently that the security provided by attachment makes their mothers into secures base for exploration of the environment.

Front 27

TorF: You can predict how strongly infants are attached to their fathers if you know how many diapers per week their fathers change. pg 218

Back 27

True! Research shows that the more diapers the father changes, the stronger the attachment. However, no magical connection between diapers and love. It would appear to be the case, rather, that the number of diapers the father changes roughly reflects his involvement in child rearing.

Front 28

TorF: Fear of strangers is abnormal among infants. p. 219

Back 28

Fear of strangers is not abnormal at all. it may not be universal, but it is quite common. moreover, when it occurs, it tends to begin and end within certain age ranges.

Front 29

TorF: Fathers maltreat children twice as often as mothers do. p. 228

Back 29

Actually, despite the fact that men are usually more aggressive than women, about twice as many children are maltreated by their mothers acting alone as by their fathers acting alone. Why do you think this is so?

Hint 29

(Hint: with whom do most children tend to spend more time?)

Front 30

TorF: Child abusers have frequently been the victims of child abuse themselves. p.231

Back 30

It is true that child abusers have frequently been the victims of child abuse themselves. Why does child abuse run in families?

Front 31

Autism is caused by the mercury in the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine. p. 235

Back 31

There is no scientific evidence for this view, regardless of whether or not it is widely held.

Front 32

Autistic children may respond to people as though they are pieces of furniture. p. 235

Back 32

Many autistic children do respond to people -or fail to respond to them- as though they are furniture. They run around them rather than relating to them as people.

Hint 32

p. 235

Front 33

All children are born with the same temperament. treatment by caregivers determines whether they are difficult or easygoing. p. 244

Back 33

Children are not all born with the same temperament. Thomas and Chess found that many children have one of three kinds of temperament from the first days of life: easy, difficult or slow to warm up.

Front 34

Girls prefer dolls and toy animals, and boys prefer toy trucks and sports equipment, only after they have become aware of the gender roles assigned to them by society. p. 246

Back 34

It appears to be fiction that children play with gender- typed toys only after they have become aware of the gender roles assigned to them by society. It may well be the case that (most) boys prefer toy trucks and sports equipment before they have been socialized- even before they fully understand whether they themselves are female or male.