Chapter 7 & 8

Front 1

Chemoheterotroph

Back 1

Organisms that obtain energy by the oxidation of electron donors in their environments.

Carbon source CO2.

(methanogens, deep sea vent bacteria)

Front 2

Plasmolysis

Back 2

Process in which cells lose h20 in hypertonic solution (the complete collapse of cell wall)

Front 3

Halophile

Back 3

Thrive in high salt concentrations

Front 4

Pyschotrophe

Back 4

can survive /thrive @ cold temps (prefer warmer temperatures)

Front 5

mesophile

Back 5

survive/thrive at human body temp (37 degree celsius)

Front 6

obligate/strict aerobe

Back 6

needs O2, can't grow in anaerobic conditions.

ex- Pseudomnas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis

Front 7

facultative anaerobe

Back 7

can grow with our without O2

ex- E. coli, Staphlococcus aureus

Front 8

microaerophile

Back 8

needs specific amount of O2 (hard to grow).

ex- Campylobacter jejuni

Front 9

Aerotolerant anaerobe

Back 9

tolerant to O2 but doesn't use it for growth

ex-Streptococcus pyogens

Front 10

Superoxide dimutase

Back 10

all organisms that can grow/live in O2 produce superoxide dimutase

2O2 + H+ --> H2O2 + O2

Front 11

Binary fission

Back 11

DNA replication that produces 2 daughter cells

Front 12

Generation time

Back 12

the time required for a complete binary fission cycle

Front 13

macro-nutrients vs micro-nutrients

Back 13

Macro- (C,H,O) required in relatively large quantities, play principal structure and metabolism

Micro (trace elements)- (Zn, Mn)present in smaller amount and involved in enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure

Front 14

heterotroph vs autotroph

Back 14

heterotroph- (Organic) use other organisms or sunlight (chemoheterotroph (saprobe, parasite)

Autotroph- (CO2) use nonliving environment

(Photosynthetic organisms-algae plants: chemicals (methanogens, deep sea vent bacteria)

Front 15

Saprobe vs parasite

Back 15

saprobe-dead, decaying microbes meatbolize the organic dead matter of organisms (fungi bacteria)

Parasite- utilize the tissues/fluid of live host (parasites, pathogens, bacteria)

Front 16

hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic

Back 16

hypotonic- low solute concentration

hypertonic- high solute concentration

isotonic- equal solute concentration (distilled H2O)

Front 17

obligate aerobe

Back 17

need O2 to survive

Front 18

obligate anaerobe

Back 18

need -O2 to survive

Front 19

Inoculate vs Inoculum

Back 19

Inoculate- introduce microorganism into

Inoculum- source of material for inoculation

Front 20

Why high salt/sugar are effective food preservatives?

Back 20

high salt makes any cell of the surface shrivel and die

Front 21

Physical requirements for microbial growth

Back 21

Optimum PH, osmolarity, and temperature

Front 22

(C,H,O,N,P,S)

Back 22

macro-nuterients, 95% of a cell, need ATP

Front 23

Most common method of reproduction

Back 23

Binary fission

Front 24

Logarithmic representation of cell #s

Back 24

Nf=fincal cell #

N1=Initial cell #

N= generation time

Front 25

When is dry weight useful?

Back 25

Beneficial when dealing with filamentous organisms

Front 26

When is filtration used to measure growth?

Back 26

measure growth in coliforms

Front 27

Most accurate method for determining microbial concentration?

Back 27

cytometry-microscope that uses special slide

Front 28

Superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase _____toxic forms of O2 (ROS)

Back 28

neutralize

Front 29

Catalase is responsible for breaking down

Back 29

hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.

Front 30

Superoxide dimuitase converts

Back 30

superoxide to oxygen and hydrogen peroxide

Front 31

ROS are dangerous for anaerobes because

Back 31

converts superoxide to O2

Front 32

Growth patterns for broth (strict aerobe, facultative aerobe, strict anaerobe)

Back 32

Strict aerobe- only @ top

Facultative aerobe- throughout

Strict anaerobe- not touching surface

Front 33

Growth pattern is

Back 33

exponential

Front 34

shortest growth phase

Back 34

exponential growth phase

Front 35

lag phase is the

Back 35

most sensitive to antibiotics

Front 36

listeriosis is caused by

Back 36

Listeria monocytogenes, g+, rods

Front 37

Gram negative that is a microaerophile and is considered most common bacterial agent of acute gastroenteritis from improperly cooked meats

Back 37

Campylobacter jejuni

Front 38

Facultative halophile

Back 38

Staphylococcus aureus

Front 39

metabolism

Back 39

all chemical reactions and physical workings of a cell

Front 40

anabolism

Back 40

synthesis of cell molecules and structures. requires ATP

Front 41

catabolism

Back 41

break down of larger molecules into smaller molecules, releases/produces ATP

Front 42

Biosynthesis

Back 42

building of monomers to polymers

Front 43

digestion/hydrolysis

Back 43

to yield energy

Front 44

enzyme

Back 44

catalyst in reaction that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being apart of the product or being consumed in the process

Front 45

active site

Back 45

the site where the substrate binds

Front 46

coenzyme & cofactor

Back 46

coenzyme- organic molecules

cofactor- metal ions

Front 47

phosphorlation

Back 47

adds an inorganic phosphate to ADP or to some other compound

Front 48

chemiosmosis

Back 48

the generation of a concentration gradient of H+ ions by the pumping of hydrogen ions to the outerside of the membrane during ET

Front 49

cytochrome oxidase

Back 49

receives an electron from each of the four cytochrome C molecules, converting molecular O2 into 2 H2O located in the mitochondrial or bacterial membrane

Front 50

lipase

Back 50

enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of fats

Front 51

protease

Back 51

any enzyme that performs proteolysis, that is, begins protein catabolism by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds that link amino acids together in a polypeptide chain.

Front 52

deamination

Back 52

strip the amide group off of an amino acid

Front 53

decarboxylation

Back 53

a chemical reaction that removes a carboxyl group and releases carbon dioxide (CO2).

Front 54

Anabolism vs Catabolism

Back 54

Catabolism- break down

Anabolism- synthesis

Front 55

Exoenzyme vs Endoenzyme

Back 55

Exoenzyme- outer enzyme

Endoenzyme- enzyme located inside cell

Front 56

Reduction vs Oxidation

Back 56

Oxidation is gain of oxygen.

Reduction is loss of oxygen.

Front 57

is NADH/FADH2 reduced or oxidized?

Back 57

reduced

Front 58

Is NAD+ an oxidizing or reducing agent?

Back 58

oxidizing