Chapter 7

Front 1

The skeletal system is composed of what three things.

Back 1

1. bones

2. cartilages

3. ligaments

Front 2

Name 6 functions of the skeleton.

Back 2

1. support

2. protection

3. movement

4. electrolyte balance

5. acid-base balance

6. blood formation

Front 3

Bone is also referred to as what type of tissue?

Back 3

osseous tissue

Front 4

Connective tissue in which the matrix is hardened by the deposition of calcium phosphate and other minerals.

Back 4

osseous tissue

Front 5

The hardening process of bone.

Back 5

Calcification or mineralization

Front 6

Most of the cranial bones are in the form of thin curved plates called ___________.

Back 6

Flat bones

Front 7

The most important bones in body movement.

Back 7

Long bones

Front 8

The bones of the wrists and ankles

Back 8

short bones

Front 9

Dense osseous tissue.

Back 9

compact bone

Front 10

The cavity that contains bone marrow

Back 10

Medullary cavity

Front 11

Loosely organized form of osseous tissue.

Back 11

Spongy (cancellous) bone

Front 12

The shaft of a long bone.

Back 12

Diaphysis

Front 13

Expanded head at each end of a long bone.

Back 13

Epiphysis

Front 14

The joint surface where one bone meets another covered with a layer of hyaline cartilage.

Back 14

articular cartilage

Front 15

The minute holes in bone that blood vessels penetrate into.

Back 15

nutrient foramina

Front 16

The external sheath a bone is covered in.

Back 16

periosteum

Front 17

Collagen fibers that penetrate into bone matrix.

Back 17

perforating fibers

Front 18

Thin layer of reticular connective tissue that lines the internal marrow cavity.

Back 18

endosteum

Front 19

Separates the marrow spaces of the epiphysis and diaphysis.

Back 19

epiphyseal plate

Front 20

The spongy layer in the cranium

Back 20

diploe

Front 21

Stem cells that develop from embryonic mesenchymal cells

Back 21

osteogenic cells

Front 22

Bone forming cells

Back 22

osteoblasts

Front 23

Former osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix they deposit.

Back 23

osteocytes

Front 24

Osteocytes reside in cavities called ________.

Back 24

lacunae

Front 25

Osteocytes are interconnected by channels called _________.

Back 25

canaliculi

Front 26

Bone dissolving cells.

Back 26

osteoclasts

Front 27

crystalized calcium phosphate salt

Back 27

hydroxyapatite

Front 28

Layers of bone matrix concentrically arranged around a central (haversian) canal.

Back 28

concentric lamellae

Front 29

A central canal and its lamellae.

Back 29

osteon (haversian system)

Front 30

Central canals are joined by transverse or diagonal passages called _____.

Back 30

perforating (Volkmann) canals

Front 31

Rods or spines in spongy bone.

Back 31

spicules

Front 32

Thin plates in spongy bone

Back 32

trabeculae

Front 33

general term for soft tissue that occupies the marrow cavity of long bone

Back 33

bone marrow

Front 34

myeloid tissue

Back 34

red bone marrow

Front 35

bone marrow that no longer produces blood.

Back 35

yellow bone marrow

Front 36

the formation of bone

Back 36

ossification

Front 37

produces the flat bones of the skull and most of the clavicle.

Back 37

intramembranous ossification

Front 38

the region of transition from cartilage to bone at each end of the primary marrow cavity

Back 38

metaphysis

Front 39

thin wall of cartilage separating the primary and secondary marrow cavities at one or both ends

Back 39

epiphyseal plate

Front 40

Cartilage growth from within by multiplication of chondrocytes and deposition of new matrix in the interior.

Back 40

interstitial growth

Front 41

Continual bone growth in diameter and thickness.

Back 41

appositional growth

Front 42

crystallization process in which calcium, phosphate, and other ions are taken from the blood plasma and deposited in bone tissue

Back 42

mineral deposition (mineralization)

Front 43

process of dissolving bone

Back 43

mineral resorption

Front 44

hypocalcemia

Back 44

calcium deficiency

Front 45

hypercalcemia

Back 45

blood calcium excess

Front 46

Three hormones that regulate calcium homeostasis

Back 46

1. calcitriol

2. calcitonin

3. parathyroid hormone

Front 47

a form of vitamin D produced by the sequential action of the skin, liver, and kidneys

Back 47

calcitriol

Front 48

hormone secreted by C cells of the thyroid gland

Back 48

calcitonin

Front 49

hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands

Back 49

parathyroid hormone

Front 50

a break caused by abnormal trauma to bone

Back 50

stress fracture

Front 51

a break in a bone weakened by some other disease

Back 51

pathological fracture