Chapter 7``

Front 1

the study of bones, is the subject if these next three xhapters.

Back 1

Osteology

Front 2

Function of the skeleton:

Back 2

support, protection, movement, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, and blood formation.

Front 3

__________ is composed of bones, cartilagem and ligaments joined tightly to form a strong, flexible framework for the body.

Back 3

skeletal system

Front 4

_________ are conspicuously longer then wide. like crowbars..

Back 4

long bones

Front 5

_________ are nearly equal in length and width.

Back 5

short bones

Front 6

__________ enclose and protect soft organs and provide broad surfaces for muscles attachment.

Back 6

flat bones

Front 7

__________ have elaborate shaps that do not fit into any of the proceeding categories.

Back 7

irregular bones

Front 8

much of it is composed of a cylinder of dense white osseous tissue called ___________.

Back 8

compact (dense) bone

Front 9

the principal feature od bomne are its shaft is __________.

Back 9

diaphysis

Front 10

a bone coveed with a sheath is called ___________.

Back 10

periosterum

Front 11

____________ is a hyaline cartilage separates the marrow spaces of the epiphysis and diaphysis.

Back 11

epiphyseal

Front 12

_________ are bones forming cells.

Back 12

osteoblast.

Front 13

___________ are former osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix they deposited.

Back 13

osteosytes

Front 14

_____________ are stem cells that developed from fibroblast and then given the most other gone cells

Back 14

osteogenic cells

Front 15

onionlike--

Back 15

concentric lamellae

Front 16

____________- is a connective tissue in which the matrix is harden by the depostition of calicuim phosphate and other minerals.

Back 16

osseuous tissue

Front 17

The cylinder of dense white osseuous tissues callled ________.

Back 17

medullary cavity, or marrow cavity

Front 18

A bone is covered with a sheath called the ___________.

Back 18

periosteum

Front 19

___________ of hyaline cartilage separates the marrow spaces of the epiphysis and diaphyseal.

Back 19

epiphyseal plate

Front 20

The spongy layer in the cranium is called ____________.

Back 20

diploe

Front 21

_______________ are stem cells that developed from fibroblasts and then give rise to most other bone cells.

Back 21

osteogenic

Front 22

_________ are bone forming cells.

Back 22

osteoblasts

Front 23

__________ are former osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix they deposited. The reside in tiny cavities called ____(B)_____ which connected by slender channels called ____(C)_____.

Back 23

osteocytes
(B) lacunae
(C) canaliculi

Front 24

_______________ are bone-dissolving cells found on the bone surface

Back 24

osteoclasts

Front 25

The __________________ is, by dry weight, about one third organic anad two thirds inroganic matter.

Back 25

matrix of osseous tissue

Front 26

____________ is layers of matrix concentrically arranged around a _______(B)_________.

Back 26

Concentric lamellae
(B) central canal

Front 27

Open into narrow ____________ that crosss the matrix abd feed into the central canals.

Back 27

perforating canals

Front 28

Spongy bone is consiste of s latticfe of slender rods, plates, and spines called ___________.

Back 28

trabeculae

Front 29

_____________ is a general term for soft tissue that occupies the marrow cavity of a long bone, the spaces amid the trabeculae of spongy bone, and the larger central canals.

Back 29

Bone marrow

Front 30

In a child, the marrow cavity of nearly every bone is filled with ______________ .

Back 30

red bone marrow

Front 31

In adult, most of this red marow turns to fatty ______________. like the fat at the center of a ham bone.

Back 31

yellow bone marrow

Front 32

The fromation of bone is called _____________

Back 32

ossification or osteogenesis

Front 33

_______________ produces the flat bones of the skull and most of the clavicle.

Back 33

Intramembranous ossification

Front 34

Cells deposit an organic matrix called _______________ -- soft collagenous tissue similar to bone except for a lack of minerals.

Back 34

osteoid tissue

Front 35

_____________- is a process in which a bone develops from a preexisting model composed of hyaline cartilage.

Back 35

Endochondral ossification

Front 36

_____________ develops into a body of hyaline cartilage, covered with a fibrous oerichrondrium, in the location of a future bone.

Back 36

Mesenchyme

Front 37

The region of chrondrocyte enlargement is called the _____________________.

Back 37

primary ossification center.

Front 38

as the center of the model is hollowed out and filled with blood snf sem cells, it becomes the _________________________.

Back 38

primary marrow cavity

Front 39

The region of transition from cartilage to bone at each end of the primary marrow cavity is called a ______________.

Back 39

metaphysis

Front 40

Te region, farthest from the marrow cavity, consists og typical hyaline catilage that as yet shows no sign of transforming into bone is ______________.

Back 40

Zone of reserve cartilage.

Front 41

A little closer ti tge narriw cavutym chondrocytes multiply and arane themselves into longitudinal columns of flattened lacunae.

Back 41

Zone of cell proliferation

Front 42

Minerals are deposited in the matrix between the columns of lacunae and calcify the cartilage.

Back 42

Zone of cell hypertrophy

Front 43

Within each column, the calls betwen the lacunae break down and the chondrocytes die.

Back 43

Zone of bone deposition.

Front 44

The junctional resion where they meet is filled with spngy bone, and the site of the original epiphyseal plate is marked with a line of slightly denser spngy bone called the _____________________.

Back 44

Epiphyseal line

Front 45

Bone continually grow throughout life in diamete and thickness, this involved=s a process called______________ .

Back 45

appositional growth

Front 46

_________________ states yhst the architecture of a bone is determined by the mechanical stresses paced upon it, and the bone hereby afapts to withstand thoe stresses.

Back 46

Wolff's law of bone

Front 47

_____________- is a crystallication process in which calcium, phosphatem and other ions are taken from the blood plasma and deposited in bone tissue.

Back 47

mineral deposition

Front 48

Abnormal calicification of tissues is called _____________________.

Back 48

ectopic ossification

Front 49

__________ is process of dissolving bone. It release minerals into the blood and makes them available for other uses.

Back 49

Mineral resorption

Front 50

The phosphorus concentration in the plasma ranges between _________________.

Back 50

3.5 and 4.0 mg/dl

Front 51

____________ is an inability muscle to relax.

Back 51

Tetany

Front 52

__________ is an excessive amounts of calcuim bind to the cell surface, increasing the charge difference across the membrane and making sodium channels less responsive.

Back 52

Hypercalcemia

Front 53

_____________ depression of the nervous system, emotional disturbances, ,muscle weakness. sluggish reflexes, and someimes cardiac arrest

Back 53

hypercalcemia

Front 54

______________ is a form of vitamin D produced by the sequential action of the skin, liver, and kidneys.

Back 54

Calcitriol

Front 55

__________ is a blood borne chemical messenger from one organ to another.

Back 55

calcitriol behaves as a hormone

Front 56

__________ is secreted by C cells of the thyroid gland, a larger endocrine gland in the neck.

Back 56

Calicitonin

Front 57

Withing 15 minutes after it is secreted, calcitonin reduced osteoclast activity by a much as 70%, so osteoclasts liberate less calcium from the skeleton is called ____________.

Back 57

Osteoclast Inhibition

Front 58

Within an hour, calcitonin increases the number and activity of osteoblasts, which deposit calcium into the skeleton is called ___________.

Back 58

Osteobblast Stimulation

Front 59

A _____________ fracture is a break caused be abnormal trauma to a bone, such as fractures incurred in falls, athletics, and military combat.

Back 59

Stress Fracture

Front 60

A ___________________ is a break in a bone weakened by some other diseases, such as bone cancer or osteoporosis,, usually caused by a stress that would not normally fractures a bone.

Back 60

Pathologic FRacture

Front 61

___________ is a branch of medicine that deals with the prevention and correction of injuries and disorders of the bones, joints, and muscles.

Back 61

Orthopedics

Front 62

___________ is a precedure in which the bone fragments are manipulated into their normal positions without surgery.

Back 62

closed reduction

Front 63

__________ involves the surgical exposure of the bone and the use or plates, screwsm or pins to realign the fragments.

Back 63

Open reduction