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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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language |
a set of sounds, combination of sounds and symbols that are used for communication
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mutual intelligibility
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the ability of two people to understand each other when speaking two different languages
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standard language
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the variant of a language that a country's political and intellectual elite seek to promote as the norm for use in schools, government, the media and other aspects of public life
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dialect
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regional variation of a language distinguished by vocab, and spelling
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dialect chains
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a set of contagious dialects in which the dialects nearest to each other at any place in the chain are mostly closely related
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isogloss
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a geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs
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language families
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group of language with a shared but fairly distant origin |
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subfamilies |
divisions within a language family where the commonalities are more definite and the origin is more recent |
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sound shift |
slight change in a word across languages within a subfamily or through a language family from the present backward towards its origin |
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Proto-Indo European |
Linguistic hypothesis proposing the existance of an ancestral Indo-European language that is the hearth of the ancient Latin, Greek, and sandskirt languages from Scandinavia to North Africa and from North America through parts of Asia to Australlia |
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Backward reconstruction
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The tracking of sound shifts and hardening of consonance "backwards" towards the origanal language
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Extinct language
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Language without any native speakers
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Nostrategic
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Language believed to be the ancestral language of not only Proto-Indo European but also the Kartvelian languages of the Southern Caucasian region, the Uralic-Altaic languages (including Hungarian, Finish, Turkish, and Mongolian) the pravadian languages of India and the Afro-Asiatic language family
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Language convergence
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The collapse two languages into one resulting from the consistent spatial interaction of people with different languages; the opposite of language divergence
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Language divergence
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The opposite of language convergence; a process adjusted by German linguistic August Schieicher where buy new languages are formed when the language into dialects due to the lack of spatial interaction among speakers of the language and continued isolation eventually causes the division of the language into discrete new languages
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Conquest theory
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One major theory of how Proto-Indo European diffused westward on horseback, overpowering earlier inhabitants and beginning the diffusion and diferentation of Indo-European tounges
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Dispersal hypothesis
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Hypothesis which holds that the indo-european languages that are rose from Proto - Indo - European were first carried Eastward into Southwest Asia, next around the Caspian Sea, and then across the Russian - Ukrainian plains and on into the Balkans
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Romance languages
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( French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian and Portuguese) that lie in the areas that were once controlled by the Roman Empire but were not subsequently overwhelmed
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Germanic languages
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(English, German, Danish, Norwegian and Swedish) reflects the expansion of peoples out of northern Europe to the west and south
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Slavic languages
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(Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian, Slovenian, serbo-croatian and Bulgarian) . Developed as Slavic people migrated from a base in present-day Ukraine close to 2,000 years ago
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Lingua franca
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a term deriving from "Frankish language" and applying to a tongue spoken in ancient Mediterranean ports that consisted of a mixture of Italian, French, Greek, Spanish and even some Arabic. Today it refers to a "common language", a language used among speakers of different languages for the purpose of trade and commerce
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pidgin language
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When parts of two or more languages are combined in a simplified structure and vocabulary
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Creole language
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A language that begin as a pidgin language but was later adopted as a mother tongue by a people in place of the mother tongue
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Monolingual States
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Countries in which only one language is spoken
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Multilingual States
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Countries in which more than one language is spoken
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Official language
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In multilingual countries, the language selected often by the educated and politically powerful elite, to promote internal cohesion, usually the language of the courts and government
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Global language
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The language used most commonly scale has a direct effect on what happens at the local scale and vice versa
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Place
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uniqueness of the location
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toponym
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place name
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