Chapter 6 Vocabulary

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Conditioning

Back 1

learning process in which the likelihood of a specific behavior is increased or decreased through positive or negative reinforcement each time the behavior is exhibited, so that the subject comes to associate the pleasure or displeasure of the reinforcement with the behavior

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Classical conditioning

Back 2

conditioning in which the conditioned stimulus (as the sound of a bell) is paired with and precedes the unconditioned stimulus (as the sight of food) until the conditioned stimulus alone is sufficient to elicit the response (as salivation in a dog) — compare operant conditioning

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Ivan pavlov

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Russian physiologist whose research on the physiology of digestion led to the development of the first experimental model of learning, Classical Conditioning

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Stimulus

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a thing or event that evokes a specific functional reaction in an organ or tissue.

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Response

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a reaction to something

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Unconditional stimulus (UCS)

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stimulus in the environment has produced a behavior / response which is unlearned (i.e. unconditioned) and therefore is a natural response which has not been taught

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Unconditional response (UCR)

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Natural response that has not been taught to anyone else

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Conditioned stimulus

Back 8

neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response

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Conditioned response

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response made by a person or animal after learning to associate an experience with a neutral or arbitrary stimulus

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Taste aversion

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aversion occurs when an animal associates the taste of a certain food with symptoms caused by a toxic, spoiled, or poisonous substance

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Extinction

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Extinction is the disappearance of a previously learned behavior when the behavior is not reinforced

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Spontaneous recovery

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re-emergence of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a delay

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Generalization

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tendency to respond in the same way to different but similar stimuli

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Discrimination

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ability to perceive and respond to differences among stimuli

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Flooding

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behavior therapy based on the principles of respondent conditioning.

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Systematic desensitation

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treatment for phobias in which the patient is exposed to progressively more anxiety-provoking stimuli and taught relaxation techniques

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Counter conditioning

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muscle relaxation instead of food as the positive counter stimulus

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Operant conditioning

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roughly changing of behavior by the use of reinforcement which is given after the desired response

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Reinforcement

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stimulus which strengthens or increases the probability of a specific response

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Posotive reinforcement

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reward following a desired behavior.

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Negative reinforcement

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stimulus (usually an aversive stimulus) is removed after a particular behavior is exhibited

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Primary reinforces

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biological

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Secondary reinforcers

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a situation in which a stimulus reinforces a behavior after it has been associated with a primary reinforcer

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Secondary reinforcers

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a situation in which a stimulus reinforces a behavior after it has been associated with a primary reinforcer

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Punishment

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any change in a human or animal's surroundings that occurs after a given behavior or response

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Fixed interval schedule

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schedule of reinforcement used within operant conditioning

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Variable interval schedule

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reinforcer should provide motivation for the behavior to be repeated

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Fixed ratio schedule

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reinforcement that relies on the principles of operant conditioning

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Variable ratio

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reinforcement is a schedule of reinforcement wherein a reinforcer is provided following a pre-determined average number of responses

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Shaping

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what is reinforced is some approximation of the target behavior

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Social learning theory

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view that people learn by observing others

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B. F. Skinner

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developed the theory of operant conditioning

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Albert bandura

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psychologist who is the David Starr Jordan Professor Emeritus of Social Science in Psychology at Stanford University

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Reciprocal causation

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theory set forth by psychologist Albert Bandura that a person's behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment

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Modeling

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method used in certain techniques of psychotherapy

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Modeling cues

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How the person reacts to the situation