Chapter 6 Teachers, Schools And Society

Front 1

Academy

Back 1

The name of the ancient Greek school founded by Plato.

Front 2

Aesthetics

Back 2

What is beauty? The branch of philosophy that examines the nature of beauty and judgments about it.

Front 3

back-to-basics

Back 3

Core Curriculum is the key element of this approach; emphasizes traditional disciplines. (Essentialism uses core curriculum)

Front 4

behavior modification

Back 4

A strategy to alter behavior in a desired direction through the use of rewards.

Front 5

Behaviorism

Back 5

Views free will as an illusion & that human nature is shaped by the environment, uses positive reinforcement to encourage desired behaviour

Front 6

Cartesian dualism

Back 6

The belief that reality is composed of both materialism and idealism, body and mind. Theory by French philosopher Rene' Descartes

Front 7

Constructivism

Back 7

Centered on the learner; constant need to make sense of new information; scaffolding links new information; students & teacher constantly challenge assumptions

Front 8

core curriculum

Back 8

A central body of knowledge that schools require all students to study. (Essentialism)

Front 9

deductive reasoning

Back 9

Working from a general rule to identify particular examples and applications to that rule.

Front 10

Empiricism

Back 10

The philosophy that maintains that sensory experiences, such as seeing, hearing, and touching, are the ultimate sources of all human knowledge.

Front 11

Epistemology

Back 11

How do we know? The study of "HOW" knowledge is gained; deductive reasoning and hands on learning

Front 12

Essentialism

Back 12

Emphasis on academics (core curriculum)

"back to basics", standards, determined by teachers & administrators

Front 13

Ethics

Back 13

What is of value? The branch of philosophy that examines questions of right and wrong, good and bad.

Front 14

Ethnocentrism

Back 14

Stresses free individual development. The tendency to view one's own culture as superior to others, or to fail to consider other cultures in a fair or equitable manner.

Front 15

Existentialism

Back 15

Empasis on individuality. Help students accept themselves as unique, responsible individuals. Math & science deemphasized, humanities emphasized, rarely found in public schools. No grading system

Front 16

Great Books

Back 16

The heart of the perennialists' curriculum that includes great works of the past in literature, philosophy, science, and other areas.

Front 17

Idealism

Back 17

A doctrine holding that knowledge is derived from ideas and emphasizing moral and spiritual reality as a preeminent source of explanation.

Front 18

inductive reasoning

Back 18

Drawing generalizations based on the observation of specific examples.

Front 19

informal education

Back 19

In many cultures, augments or takes the place of formal schooling as children learn adult roles through observation, conversation, assisting, and imitating.

Front 20

John Dewey

Back 20

Advocated Progressivism (learning by doing); He founded The Laboratory school; He regarded democracy & freedom as superior

Front 21

Logic

Back 21

How do we reason? The branch of philosophy that deals with reasoning. Logic defines the rules of reasoning, focuses on how to move from one set of assumptions to valid conclusions, and examines the rules of inference that enable us to frame our propositions and arguments.

Front 22

Materialism

Back 22

A philosophy focused on scientific observation and the belief that existence is only experienced in the physical realm.

Front 23

Metaphysics

Back 23

What is real. The area of philosophy that examines the nature of reality. "What we know"

Front 24

oral tradition

Back 24

Spoken language is the primary method for instruction in several cultures around the world. Word problems are used to teach reasoning, proverbs to instill wisdom, and stories to teach lessons about nature, history, religion, and social customs.

Front 25

Perennialism

Back 25

Focus on classic ideas; emphasis on humanities & great books; teacher centered

Front 26

Philosophy

Back 26

The love of or search for wisdom; the quest to understand the meaning of life.

Front 27

political philosophy

Back 27

How should societies be governed? An approach to analyzing how past and present societies are arranged and governed and how better societies may be created in the future.

Front 28

Pragmatism

Back 28

A philosophical belief that asserts truth is what works and rejects other views of reality.

Front 29

Praxis

Back 29

The doctrine that when actions are based on sound theory & values, they can make a real difference in the world. Paulo Freire (social reconstructionist) believed in this.

Front 30

Progressivism

Back 30

Students learn better by experiencing and doing things than through book learning. Foremost advocate John Dewey

Front 31

Rationalism

Back 31

The philosophy that emphasizes the power of reason and the principles of logic to derive statements about the world.

Front 32

Scaffolding

Back 32

Building on what a student already knows. A part of constructivism.

Front 33

social Darwinism

Back 33

Similar to Darwin's notion of "survival of the fittest," this idea contends that society is a sorting system, one in which the more talented rise to the top, while those less deserving find themselves at the bottom of the social and economic pecking order.

Front 34

social reconstructionism

Back 34

Physical world as the basis of reality; Learn from meaningful social experiences; focus on social, political & economic needs; an advocate for social change; going out into the community to make a change.

Front 35

Socratic method

Back 35

An educational strategy attributed to Socrates in which a teacher encourages a student's discovery of truth by questions.

Front 36

Socrates

Back 36

He developed educational Methods involved questioning the student to draw out answers

Front 37

Plato

Back 37

He was founder of the Academy in Athens, Believed in the idea of eternal "forms" underlying all existence.

Front 38

Branches of Philosophy

Back 38

l. Metaphysics-What is real?

2. Ethics-What is of value?

3. Aesthetics-What is beauty?

4. Epistemology-How do we know?

5. Logic-How do we reason?

6. Political philosophy-How should societies be governed

Front 39

Paulo Freire

Back 39

A social reconstructionist, believed in praxis; mobilizing education in the cause of social justice; he did not believe in "banking" which is teacher centered classrooms; wrote "Pedagogy of the Oppressed" which illustrated how education can transform society.

Front 40

Robert Hutchins

Back 40

Believed in Perennialism; served as president of the University of Chicago; introduced Great Books program; abolished fraternities, football, and compulsory attendance.

Front 41

E. D. Hirsch, Jr

Back 41

Believed in Essentialism; he established the Core knowledge foundation; wrote Cultural Literacy: What Every American Needs To Know.

Front 42

Mortimer Adler

Back 42

Believed greatly in Perennialism; wrote the book Paideia Proposal; he wanted all students to be educated in the classics; proposed a single elementary and secondary curriculum for all students, with no curricular electives except in the choice of a second language.

Front 43

A. S. Neil

Back 43

Believed in Existentialism created Summerhill, a school that encouraged youngsters to make their own decisions about what and when to learn.

Front 44

William Bagley

Back 44

He popularized the term Essentialism; back to basics; essentials of academic knowledge;

Front 45

Bell Hooks

Back 45

Social Reconstructionism; her theory of education, engaged pedagogy, helps students and teachers develop a critical consciousness of race, gender and class biases. A prolific writer