Chapter 6: Memory

Front 1

Memory

Back 1

the ability to store and use information; also the store of what has been learned and remembered

Front 2

Explicit Memory

Back 2

knowledge that consists of the conscious recall of facts and events; also known as declarative memory

Front 3

Implicit Memory

Back 3

kind of memory made up of knowledge based on previous experience, such as skills we perform automatically once we have mastered them; resides outside conscious awareness

Front 4

Three-Stage Model of Memory

Back 4

classification of memories based on duration as sensory, short-term and long-term

Front 5

Sensory Memory

Back 5

the part of memory that holds information in its original sensory form for a very brief period of time, usually about half a second or less

Front 6

Short-Term Memory

Back 6

the part of memory that temporarily (for 2 to 30 seconds) stores a limited amount of information before it is either transferred to long-term storage or forgotten

Front 7

Long-Term Memory

Back 7

the part of memory that has the capacity to store a vast amount of information for as little as 30 seconds and as long as a lifetime

Front 8

Working Memory

Back 8

the part of memory required to attend to and solve a problem at hand

Front 9

Chunking

Back 9

the process of breaking down a list of items to be remembered into smaller set of meaningful units

Front 10

Rehearsal

Back 10

the process of repeatedly practising material so that it enters long-term memory

Front 11

Serial Position Effect

Back 11

the tendency to have better recall for items in a list according to their position in the list

Front 12

Procedural Memory

Back 12

kind of memory made up of implicit knowledge for almost any behaviour or physical skill we have learned

Front 13

Priming

Back 13

a kind of implicit memory that arises when recall is improved by earlier exposure to the same or similar stimuli

Front 14

Semantic Memory

Back 14

form of memory that recalls facts and general knowledge, such as what we learn in school

Front 15

Episodic Memory

Back 15

form of memory that recalls experiences that we've had

Front 16

Encoding

Back 16

the process by which the brain attends to, takes in, and integrates new information; the first stage of long-term memory formation

Front 17

Automatic Processing

Back 17

encoding of information that occurs with little effort or conscious attention to the task

Front 18

Effortful Processing

Back 18

encoding of information that occurs with careful attention and conscious effort

Front 19

Levels of Processing

Back 19

the concept of information that occurs with careful attention and conscious effort

Front 20

Mnemonic Device

Back 20

a method devise to help remember information, such as a rhyme or acronym

Front 21

Dual Coding Theory

Back 21

theory proposing that visual and verbal information are processed by independent, non-competing systems

Front 22

Consolidation

Back 22

the process of establishing, stabilizing, or solidifying a memory, the second stage of long-term memory formation

Front 23

Storage

Back 23

the retention of memory over time; the third stage of long-term memory formation

Front 24

Hierarchies

Back 24

a way of organizing related piece of information from the most specific feature they have in common to the most general

Front 25

Schema

Back 25

mental framework that develop from our experiences with particular people, objects, or events

Front 26

Retrieval

Back 26

the recovery of information stored in memory; the fourth stage of long-term memory

Front 27

Flashbulb Memory

Back 27

a vivid memory for an emotional event of great significance

Front 28

Interference

Back 28

disruption of memory because other information competes with the information we are trying to recall

Front 29

Proactive Interference

Back 29

disruption of memory because previously learned information interferes with the learning of new information

Front 30

Retroactive Interference

Back 30

disruption of memory because new experiences or information cause people to forget previously learned experiences or information

Front 31

Forgetting

Back 31

the weakening or loss of memories over time

Front 32

Transcience

Back 32

most common type of forgetfulness due to the fleeting nature of some memories

Front 33

Forgetting Curve

Back 33

a graphic depiction of how recall steadily declines over time

Front 34

Absent-Mindedness

Back 34

a form of forgetfulness that results from inattention

Front 35

Blocking

Back 35

the inability to retrieve some information once it is stored

Front 36

Repression

Back 36

a form of blocking, in which retrieval of memories that have been encoded and stored is actively inhibited

Front 37

Misattribution

Back 37

belief that a memory came from one source when in fact it came from another

Front 38

Consistency Bias

Back 38

selective recall of past events to fit our current beliefs

Front 39

Persistence

Back 39

the repeated recall of pleasant or unpleasant experiences even when we actively try to forget them

Front 40

Suggestibility

Back 40

problem with memory that occurs when memories are implanted in our minds based on leading questions, comment, or suggestions by someone else or some other source

Front 41

False Memories

Back 41

memories for events that never happened, but were suggested by someone or something

Front 42

Recovered Memory

Back 42

a memory from a real event that was encoded, stored, but not retrieved for a long period of time until some later event brings it suddenly to consciousness

Front 43

Amnesia

Back 43

memory loss due to brain injury or disease

Front 44

Anterograde Amnesia

Back 44

the inability to remember events or experiences that occur after an injury or onset of a disease

Front 45

Retrograde Amnesia

Back 45

the inability to recall events or experiences that happened before the onset of a disease or injury

Front 46

Long-Term Potentiation

Back 46

strengthening of a synaptic connection that results when synapse of one neuron repeatedly fires and excites another neuron