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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Encoding |
Getting sensory info into a form the brain can use. |
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Storage |
Hold on to info for some period of time. |
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Retrieval |
Getting info that people know they have out of storage. |
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Information Processing Model |
Model of memory that assumes that the processing of info for memory storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory in a series of 3 stages. |
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Parallel Distributed Processing Model |
A model of memory in which memory processes are proposed to take place at the same time over a large network of neural connections. |
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Levels-of-Processing Model |
Model of memory that assumes information that is more “deeply processed,” or processed according to its meaning rather than just the sound or physical characteristics of the word or words, will be remembered more efficiently and for a longer period of time. |
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Sensory Memory |
First stage of memory, the point at which info enters the nervous system through the sensory systems. All info lost within a second or so. |
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Iconic Memory |
Visual sensory memory that only lasts a fraction of a second. |
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Eidetic Memory |
“Photographic” memory. |
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Echoic Memory |
Brief memory of something a person has heard. Ex: “I think I’ve heard that before” “What phenomenon”. |
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Short-Term Memory |
If incoming sensory message is important enough it will move from sensory memory to here can be held for 30 seconds or more. |
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Selective Attention |
Ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input. |
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Cocktail-Party Effect (Broadbent) |
A kind of “bottleneck” occurs between sensory memory and short-term memory. Only a stimulus that is important enough will move past this. |
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Cocktail-Party Effect (Broadbent) |
A kind of “bottleneck” occurs between sensory memory and short-term memory. Only a stimulus that is important enough will move past this. |
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Treisman Cocktail-Party Effect |
Similar to Broadbent’s theory but instead she suggests that the stimulus instead of moving to short-term memory or being lost, there is only a lessening if the “signal strength”. |
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Working Memory |
An active system that processes the info in short-term memory. |
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WM: Central Executive, Visual Sketchpad, Auditory Recorder |
CE: interpreter for both visual and auditory info. AR: plays dialogue in a persons head. VS: creates images of dialogue in your head (imagination). |
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Digit-Span Test |
Series of numbers is read to subjects then they are asked to recite them back in order. “Digits”- #of things I’m working memory. |
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Long-Term Memory |
Holds memory for the longest amount of time. There is a physical change in your brain when a memory is made so chances are you have many long-term memories that just aren’t accessible. |
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Elaborative Rehearsal |
Way of transferring info from STM to LTM by making that info meaningful in some way. |
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Nondeclarative Memory (Implicit) |
Memories for things that people know how to do. Ex: riding a bike, tying your shoes.. |
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Nondeclarative Memory (Implicit) |
Memories for things that people know how to do. Ex: riding a bike, tying your shoes.. |
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Anterograde Amnesia |
Long-term declarative memories can’t be formed. Most commonly due to damage in the hippocampus. |
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Declarative Memory (Explicit) |
All the things that people can know, the facts and info that make up knowledge. |
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Semantic Network Model |
Assumes info is stored in the brain in a connected fashion with concepts that are related to each other stored physically closer than those not highly related. |
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Retrieval Cue |
A stimulus for remembering. Ex: String wrapped around your finger. |
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Encoding Specificity |
Tendency for memory of any kind of info to be improved if retrieval cue is similar to the conditions under which the info was encoded. |
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Recall |
Memories are retrieved with few or no external cues |
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Recognition |
Looking at or hearing info and matching it to what is already in memory. |
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Recognition |
Ability to match a piece of info or a stimulus to a stored image or fact. |
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Automatic Encoding |
LTM seem to enter permanent storage with little or no effort. |
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Constructive Processing |
Referring to the retrieval of memories in which those memories are altered, revised, or influenced by newer info. |
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Misinformation Effect |
Misleading info can become part of actual memory, affecting its accuracy. |
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Misinformation Effect |
Misleading info can become part of actual memory, affecting its accuracy. |
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Curve of Forgetting |
A graph showing a distinct pattern in which forgetting is very fast within the first hour after learning a list and then it tapers off gradually. |
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Distributed Practice |
Spacing out study sessions will produce better retrieval than cramming |
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Encoding Failure |
Failure to process info into memory. |
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Memory Trace |
Some physical change in the brain, perhaps in a neuron or in the activity between neurons, which occur when a memory is formed. |
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Memory Trace |
Some physical change in the brain, perhaps in a neuron or in the activity between neurons, which occur when a memory is formed. |
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Decay |
Loss of memory due to passage of time, during which the memory trace isn’t used. AKA: Disuse |
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Proactive Interference |
The tendency for older or previously learned material to interfere with the learning and subsequent retrieval of new material. |
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Retroactive Interference |
Newer info interferes with retrieval of older info. |
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Consolidation |
The changes that take place in the structure and functioning of neurons when a memory is formed. |
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Retrograde Amnesia |
Loss of memory from point of injury backward. |
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Anterograde Amnesia |
Loss of memories from the point of injury or illness forward. |
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Alzheimer’s Disease |
Most common type of dementia 60-80% primary memory problem is anterograde amnesia. |
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Infantile Amnesia |
Can’t remember things that happened to you before age 3. |
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Autobiographical Memory |
Memory for events and facts related to one’s personal life story. |