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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Behaviorists |
Psychologists concerned only with what people/animals do, and the circumstances in which they do it |
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What kind of explanations do behaviorists strive for? |
The simplist |
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What are the assumptions of behaviorism? |
Determinism, ineffectiveness of mental explanations, and environment molds behavior. |
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What's determinism? |
The idea that things happen for a reason (every behavior has a cause) |
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What is ineffectiveness of mental explanations? |
that behaviorism is more about the current behavior not past experiences and mental elements |
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What does environment molds behavior mean? |
More on the nature side, you are who you are based on your experiences |
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Name 2 famous behaviorists |
BF Skinner and Jacques Loeb |
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What is stimulus response psychology? |
The attempt to explain behavior in terms of how each stimulus triggers a response |
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Why do behaviorists explanations in terms of thoughts? |
Previous events and current stimuli are responsible for thoughts, and therefore the events and stimuli are the real causes of behavior. (environment causes thoughts which cause behavior) |
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How did Loeb explain why certain animals turn toward the light? |
Light from the side caused greater muscle tension on one side of the body on a caterpillar. That made the muscles on one side move more vigorously than those on the other side. This imbalance of movement continued until the light stimulation on both sides was equal. |
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Who began classical conditioning with what study? |
Ivan P. Pavlov with the dog salivation study |
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What is classical conditioning? |
The way in which an organism learns a new association between paired stimuli |
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What is the unconditioned stimulus? What is the acronym? |
An event that automatically elicits an unconditioned response; UCS |
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What was the unconditioned response? What is the acronym? |
The action that the unconditioned stimulus elicits; UCR |
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What is a neutral stimulus? What is the acronym? |
A stimulus that produces no specific response; NS |
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What is a neutral response? What is the acronym? |
No response from the neutral stimulus; NR |
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What is a conditioned stimulus? What is the acronym? |
Previously the neutral stimulus, the stimulus that preceeds the conditioned response; CS |
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What is the conditioned response? What is the acronym? |
Whatever response the conditioned stimulus elicits as a result of the conditioning procedure; CR |
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What happens if the conditioned stimulus is unfamiliar to the subject? |
They will learn the conditioning faster |
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At the start of training the CS elicits ___ and the UCS elicits ___. After many repetitions of the CS followed by the UCS, the CS elicits ___ and the UCS elicits ___. |
NR, UCR. CR, UCR. |
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Identify the CS, UCS, CR, and UCR: Every time an army drill sergeant calls out "Ready, aim, fire," the artillery shoots, making a painfully loud sound that causes you to flinch. After a few repetitions, you tense your muscles after the word "fire," before the shot itself. |
CS: "Ready, aim, fire!" UCS: Loud gunshots CR: tensing UCR: flinch |
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What is extinction? |
To extinguish a classically conditioned response, repeatedly present the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus |
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When does extinction occur? |
When the subject no longer predicts the UCS after the CS |
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What is spontaneous recovery? |
A temporary return of an extinguished response after a delay |
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In Pavlov's experiment on conditioned salivation in response to a buzzer, what procedure produces extinction? What procedure produces spontaneous recovery? |
To produce extinction, Pavlov should repeatedly sound the buzzer and not bring out food. To produce spontaneous recovery, he should wait a few days then sound the buzzer. |
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What is acquisition? |
Original conditioning process that establishes or strengthens a CR |
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What is stimulus generalization? |
Occurrence of the CR in reaction to stimuli that resemble the CS |
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Give an example of stimulus generalization. |
Little Albert; After being scared when he was with white rats made him have a phobia of all fuzzy white objects, |
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What is discrimination? |
Responding differently to two similar stimuli that predict different outcomes |
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Give an example of discrimination |
When two odors are almost identical but one produces a shock and one does not, people learn to differentiate between the two. |
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What is drug tolerance? |
Users of certain drugs experience progressively weaker effects after taking the drugs repeatedly. |
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When someone develops tolerance to the effects of a drug injection, what are the conditioned stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned response, and the unconditioned response? |
CS: Taking the drug (Injection) UCS: The entrance of the drug into the brain CR: body's defense against the drug UCR: Body's defense against the drug |
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How did researchers measure drug tolerance in rats? |
They got them addicted to morphine (got drug tolerance), then gave them salt water injections, and finally one morphine injection which showed a decrease in tolerance. |
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What is Pavlov's explanation of conditioning? |
Presenting the CS and the UCS at the same time causes growth in the brain |
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What is temporal contiguity? |
Wiring in the brain changes so they become physically connected through the neurons |
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What is the blocking effect? |
The previously established association to one stimulus blocks the formation of an association to the added stimulus. |
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If classical conditioning depended entirely on presenting the CS and UCS at nearly the same time, what result should the experimenters have obtained in Rescorla's experiment? |
Group 1 and 2 of the rats should have responded equally to the CS regardless of how often they received the unconditioned stimulus at other times. |
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