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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pathology
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the study of structural and functional changes in cells that cause disease or harmful abnormalities such as cancer
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Pathologist
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a medical doctor with additional training in the study of pathology, they do not see patients, but they studies specimens taken from autopsies, biopsies, or other types of excisions where the specific diagnosis or cause of an illness is sought
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Four Main Aspects of Diagnosing Disease
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1. Identifying the cause of a disease
2. Identifying the mechanism by which certain factors cause disease 3. Identifying the structural changes that occur in cells, tissues, and organs 4. Identifying the clinical consequences of those changes |
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Gross Pathology
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the recognition of a disease based on examination of a tissue or specimen with the naked eye or by direct observation at autopsy
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Histopathology
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the diagnosis of disease based on the microscopic study of the abnormal tissue
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Histology
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the microscopic study of tissues
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Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA)
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a very thin needle on a syringe is inserted into a lesion to remove some of the cells for examination
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Biopsy
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a small part of a lesion is removed and examined in order to make a diagnosis
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Excisional Biopsy
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an entire lesion is removed and sliced up into thin section and examined
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Cytology
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the microscopic examination of cells from tissue fluid for early signs of disease
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Tissue Chemistry
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the chemical properties of the specimen
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Flow Cytometry
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a procedure that uses a laser powered instrument to measure the fluorescence from stained cells in a specimen for DNA, it is used to evaluate the risk for reoccurence of some diseases such as cancer
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Culture
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the result of growing a microorganism in a nutrient medium
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Culture and Sensitivity Test
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the process of identifying the species of bacteria under a microscope and testing it for sensitivity to certain antibiotics
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Pathology Report
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the report of the description of cells and tissues made by a pathologist based on microscopic examination, as well as diagnostic finding based the examination
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Basic Sections of Pathology Report
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1. Date of the Report
2. Patient's Demographic Information 3. Pathology Department specimen-identifying information 4. History 5. Gross Description 6. Microscopic Description of the Specimen 7. Diagnosis 8. Comments |
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Laboratory Test
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a medical procedure in which a sample of blood, urine, or other tissues or substances in the body is analyzed for certain features or enzymes that would cause a certain chemical reaction to occur in the body
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Enzymes
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proteins that facilitate chemical reactions, they interact with other substances in the body to cause a certain process
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Reference Range
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a range of laboratory results expected in 95% of a given population, or what is considered normal for a given population
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Formalin
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a special chemical solution used as a disinfectant or to preserve biological specimens for pathologic review
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Urine
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a waste produce made by the kidneys
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Urinalysis (UA)
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an examination of a urine sample, it breaks down the components of urine to check for the presence of drugs, blood, proteins, and other substances
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Hematuria
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blood in the urine
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Proteinuria
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high levels of protein in the urine
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What may proteinuria indicate?
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a kidney or a cardiovascular problem
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Clean Catch
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urine collected in a sterile container in midstream after the external genitalia have been cleansed
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Turbid
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cloudy or hazy (in appearance)
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What happens when urine is found as turbid?
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it may indicate the presence of particles or sediments in the urine
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Urine Dipstick
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a chemically treated stick-pad that is dipped briefly into a urine sample, the technician reads the colors of each test and compares them with a reference chart to indicate a positive or negative result
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Specific Gravity
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the ratio of a material to the density of another substance, such as water, it measures the amount of particles dissolved in urine and also indicated how well the kidneys are able to adjust the amount of water in urine
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What happens if the specific gravity is high?
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the more solid material is dissolved in urine, urine is more concentrated
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What can increased urine specific gravity indicate?
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Dehydration, diarrhea, or the presence of glucose in the urine
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What can decreased urine specific gravity indicate?
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excessive fluid intake or the kidneys failure to reabsorb water
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Potential of Hydrogen (pH)
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the measurement of the acidity or alkalinity of urine
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What is normally not found in the urine?
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protein, glucose, blood,
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Glucose
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a simple sugar that is the main source of energy for the body
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Ketones
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substances that are made when the body breaks down fat for energy
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If ketones are found in urine, what does this indicate?
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it may indicate the body is using fat as the major source of energy
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Nitrites
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bacteria that can cause a UTI, it is a salt of nitrous acid
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What can blood in the urine indicate?
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infection, kidney stones, trauma, or bleeding from the bladder or kidney tumor
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Bilirubin
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a break down product of hemoglobin, the substance in blood that carries oxygen
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Urobilinogen
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a substance formed in the intestine from the breakdown of bilirubin
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What may bilirubin in the urine indicate?
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liver disease
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What may bilirubin and urobilinogen combined may indicate?
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disorders that cause jaundice
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Leukocyte exterase
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an enzyme found in certain white blood cells, this value is normally negative
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Centrifuge
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a device that used centrifugal force to separate the solid materials called sediments from urine
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Sediments
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solid materials that are separated from liquid
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Casts
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plugs of material that are flushed into the urine from the kidneys
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Crystals
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a kind of mineral salts that form in the kidneys and can lead to the formation of kidney stones
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Hematology
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study of the anatomy, physiology, symptomatology, and therapeutics related to the blood and blood forming tissue
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Hematologic Studies
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aka blood tests
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Complete Blood Count (CBC)
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measures the size, number, and maturity of the different blood cells in a specific volume of blood
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White Blood Count
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count of the actual number of WBCs per volume of bloo
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What can increased white blood count indicate?
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The presence of an infection
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Red Blood Count
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a count of the number of red blood cells per volume of blood, they are important for carrying oxygen to the body's cells
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Hemoglobin (Hgb)
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portion of the CBC measures the oxygen carrying capacity of the red blood cells in a volume of blood
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Hematocrit (Hct)
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measures the percentage of volume of red blood cells contained in the blood sample
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Platelet Count (PLT)
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the number of platelets that clot in order to prevent bleeding
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What happens when platelets are low?
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it may take longer for blood to clot
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What happens when platelets are too high?
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unnecessary blood clots may occur
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Red Blood Cell Indices
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a group of three measurements that describe the size, hemoglobin concentration, and hemoglobin weight in the red blood cell population
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Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)
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a measurement of the actual size of red blood cells
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What may large red blood cells indicate?
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anemia due to vitamin B6 or folic acid deficiency
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What may small red blood cells indicate?
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anemia due to iron deficiency
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Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH)
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shows the amount of oxygen carrying hemoglobin inside the red blood cells
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Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)
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a calculation of the concentration of hemoglobin inside the red blood cells
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Red blood cell distribution width (RDW)
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a calculation of the variation in the size of the red blood cells
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Reticulocytes
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immature red blood cells that are made by the bone marrow and then released into the bloodstream
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How long do reticulocytes remain in the bloodstream while maturing?
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24-48 hours
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Reticulocyte Count Test
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it measures how rapidly the reticulocytes mature and the results can be used to detect anemia or to monitor its progress
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Differential
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an analysis of the percentages of the types of white blood cells, the numbers of each type of WBC give information about the immune system
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Segmented Neutrophils (segs) + Band Neutrophils (bands)
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a type of white blood cell that fights infection
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Lymphocyte (lymph)
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a type of white blood cell that produces antibodies and other immune system activites
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Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP) (aka Chem-7)
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group of specific tests that provide a physician information about the current status of a patient's kidneys, electrolyte balance, blood sugar,and calcium levels
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Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP)
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a group of 14 tests that includes the basic metabolic panel as well as liver function studies and a bone profile
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Electrolytes
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minerals that regulate the body's balance of fluids and help maintain normal functions such as heart rhythm, muscle contractions, and brain function
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Blood Glucose
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indicates the status of carbohydrate metabolism and utilization
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Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
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measures the amount of nitrogen in your blood that comes from the waste product urea
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Urea
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a substance formed when protein is broken down in the body and eliminated from the body through the kidneys
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Creatinine
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a waste produce formed by the breakdown of a substance (creatine) important for converting food into energy (metabolism)
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How creatinine filtered?
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It is filtered out by the blood by the kidneys and then passed out of the body in urine
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What can the BUN / Creatinine ratio indicate?
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decreased kidney function
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Liver Function Tests (LFTs)
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a series of blood chemistry tests measuring enzymes excreted by the liver during abnormal functioning due to metastases, obstruction, or other conditions
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Types of Liver Function Tests
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alkaline phosphatase, total protein, albumin, globulin, bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
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Bone Profile
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includes measurements of calcium, phosphorus, and uric acid
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Iron
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need to make hemoglobin for red cells, they carry oxygen throughout the body, needed to make myoglobin
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Myoglobin
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the oxygen carrying and storage protein of muscles
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Hemochromatosis
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an inherited disease wherein the body stores excess iron that gradually accumulates, causing organ damage over many years
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Serum Iron Level
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the level of iron in the blood
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Ferritin
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an iron-carrying protein, which measures the amount of stored iron in the body
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Total iron binding capacity (TIBC)
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measures the amount transferrin
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Transferrin
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a protein that transports iron in the blood from the intestines to the cells that use it
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Urine Culture
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a test to detect and identify organisms (usually bacteria) that may be causing a UTI
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Blood Culture
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done to detect the presence of microorganisms such as bacteria, mycobacteria, or fungi that may have spread from a specific site in the body into the bloodstream
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Gram Stain
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a staining technique used in the identification of bacteria, referred to as gram-positive or gram-negative
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Radiology
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the study of images of the human body (AKA clinical radiology)
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Radiologist
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a physician who has taken additional training in the interpretation of medical images to specialize in radiology
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Imaging
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the creation of an image of a dense object in the body with the use of radiant energy
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X-ray
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an imaging study that used electromagnetic waves to obtain pictures of body bones and structures
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Roentgenogram
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Another name for x-ray
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Radiograph
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a picture of internal body structures created by an x-ray
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Computerized Tomography (CT) scan
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a type of imaging study that generates hundred of x-ray images in a single examination to produce a three-dimensional image from the pictures, it makes cross-sectional images or slices of any part of the body
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Contrast
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a substance that has a different opacity from soft tissue that is injected into the patient or swallowed in order to identify blood vessels and other objects in an imaging study
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CT angiogram
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a CT procedure that uses x-rays to visualize blood flow in arterial and venous vessels throughout the body
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
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an imaging tool that uses a large magnet, a computer and radio waves to analyze blood vessels in the body
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Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA)
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an imaging tool that uses a large magnet, a computer and radio waves to analyze blood vessels in the body
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Postitrons
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tiny particles emitted from a radioactive substance injected into the patient's body during a PET scan
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Radionuclides
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tiny particles emitted from a radioactive substance injected into the patient's body during a PET scan
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Ultrasonography
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uses sound waves to generate pictures of the body by bouncing sound waves off organs and other interior body structures
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Transducer
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a wand that, when moved over the body, transmits sound waves to create pictures during ultrasound testing
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Sonogram
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the image produced during an ultrasound
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Doppler Ultrasound
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the procedure that uses the Doppler effect in ultrasound to detect movement of scatterers (usually red blood cells) by analyzings the change in frequency of the returning echoes to evaluate heart, blood vessels, and valves
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