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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
learning
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some experience that results in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner
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habituation
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a general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in responding
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classical conditioning
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when a neutral stimulus evokes a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally evokes a response
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unconditional stimulus (US)
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something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism
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unconditioned stimulus (UR)
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a reflexive reaction that is realiably elicited by an unconditonal stimulus
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conditional stimulus (CS)
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a stimulus that is initially neutral land produces no reliable response in an organism
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conditioned response (CR)
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a reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditoned stimulus
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aquisition
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a phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are presented together
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extinction
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the gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the US is no longer presented
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spontaneous recovery
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the tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period
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generalization
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a process in which the CR is observed even though the CS is slightly different from the original one used during acquisition
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discrimination
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the capacity to distinquish between similar but distinct stimuli
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biological preparedness
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a propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others
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operant conditioning
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a type of learning in which the consequences of an organism's behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future
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law of effect
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the principle that behaviors that are followed by a "satisfying state of affairs" tend to be repeated and those that produce and "unpleasant state of affairs" are less likely to be repeated
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operant behavior
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behavior that an organism produces that has some impact on the enviroment
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reinforcer
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any stimulus or event that functions to increase the likelihood of the behavior that led ot it
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punisher
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any stimulus or event that functions to decrease the likelihood of the behavior that led to it
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overjustification effect
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circumstances when external rewards can undermine the intrinsic satisfaction of performing a behavior
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shaping
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learning that results from the reinforcement of successive approximations to a final desired behavior
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fixed internal schedule (FI)
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an operant conditioning principle in which reinforcements are presented at fixed time periods, provided that the appropriate response is made
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variable interval schedule (VI)
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an operant conditioning principle in which behavior is reinforced based on an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement
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fixed ratio schedule (FR)
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an operant conditioning principle in which reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made
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variable ratio schedule (VR)
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an operant conditioning principle in which the delivery of reinforcement is based on a particular average number of responses
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intermittent reinforcement
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an operant conditioning principle in which only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement
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intermittent reinforcement effect
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the fact that operant behaviors that are maintained under intermittent reinforcement schedules resist extinction better than those maintained under continuous reinforcement
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latent learning
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a condition in which something is learned but is not manifested as a behavioral change until sometime in the future
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cognative map
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a mental representation of the physical features of the environment
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observational learning
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a condition in which learning takes place by watching the action of others
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implicit learning
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learning that takes place largely independent of awareness of both the process and the products of information acquisition
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