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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ingredients for photosynthesis
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carbon dioxide and water (CO2 and H2O)
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By-product of photosynthesis
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oxygen (O2)
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Plants store chemical energy via _________and then harvest this energy via ________.
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photosynthesis
cellular respiration |
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What is misleading about the following statement? “Plants perform photosynthesis, whereas animals perform cellular respiration.”
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It implies that cellular respiration does not occur in plants. It does.
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Why are plants called producers? Why are animals called consumers?
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Plants produce organic molecules by photosynthesis. Consumers must acquire organic material by consuming it rather than making it.
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Although they are “self-feeders,” photosynthetic autotrophs are not totally self-sufficient. What chemical ingredients do they require from the environment in order to synthesize sugar?
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CO2 and H2O. (Plants also require soil minerals.)
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Define cellular respiration
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The aerobic harvesting of chemical energy from organic fuel molecules.
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During cellular respiration, hydrogen and its bonding electrons change partners, from _______ to _______, forming _______ as a product.
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sugar to oxygen
water |
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The loss of electrons during a redox reaction is called _______.
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oxidation
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The acceptance of electrons during a redox reaction is called _______ .
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reduction
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When hydrogen and its bonding electrons change partners, from sugar to oxygen, _______ is released.
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energy
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Why does electron transfer to oxygen release energy?
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An oxygen atom attracts electrons more strongly than almost any other type of atom.When electrons move (along with hydrogen) from glucose to oxygen, it is as though they were falling.potential energy is unlocked. Instead of gravity, it is the attraction of electrons to oxygen that causes the “fall” and energy release during cellular respiration.
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Electron transport from ____ to _____ releases the energy your cells use to make most of their ____.
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NADH
oxygen ATP |
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What happens in glycolysis
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The initial split requires an energy investment of two ATP molecules per glucose. The three-carbon molecules then donate high-energy electrons to NAD+, the electron carrier. Glycolysis also makes four ATP molecules directly when enzymes transfer phosphate groups from fuel molecules to ADP.
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What remains of the fractured glucose at the end of glycolysis are _____________.
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two molecules of pyruvic acid
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Glycolysis thus produces a net of Glycolysis thus produces a net of ______________ per molecule of glucose.
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two molecules of ATP
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The pyruvic acid still holds most of the energy of glucose, and that energy is harvested in the ____________.
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citric acid cycle
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How is your breathing related to your cellular respiration?
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In breathing, your lungs exchange CO2 and O2 between your body and the atmosphere. In cellular respiration, your cells consume the O2 in extracting energy from food and release CO2 as a waste product.
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At the “downhill” end of the electron transport chain, when electrons from NADH are finally passed to oxygen, what waste product of cellular respiration is produced?
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Water (H2O)
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What is the potential energy source that drives ATP production by ATP synthase?
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A concentration gradient of H+ across the inner membrane of a mitochondrion
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Of the three main stages of cellular respiration represented in Figure 6.7, which one uses oxygen directly to extract chemical energy from organic compounds?
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Electron transport
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The oxidation of acetic acid by NAD+ extracts some chemical energy from the acetic acid. How can the cell harness that energy to make ATP?
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The NADH can supply electrons to the electron transport chain, which generates an H+ gradient that drives ATP synthesis.
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The overall equation for cellular respiration
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C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2 ---->
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP |
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What happens in oxidation?
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Glucose loses electrons and hydrogens
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What happens in reduction?
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Oxygen gains electrons and hydrogens
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Autotrophs
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"Self-feeders" or producers
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Heterotrophs
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"Other-feeders" or consumers
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What is a by product of photosynthesis?
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Oxygen
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Who perform cellular respiration?
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Animals and plants
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What are the waste products of cellular respiration?
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CO2 and H2O
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When or where are the waste products of cellular respiration used?
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In photosynthesis
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What is the first step when electrons go down from glocose to oxygen?
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The transfer of electrons from organic fuel to NAD+ reduces it to NADH
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What happens in the electron transport chain?
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Series of redox reactions
leading to the production of ATP |
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What is the first stage of cellular respiration?
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Glycolosys
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What happens in glycolosys?
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A molecule of glucose is split into two molecules of pyruvic acid
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Where does glycolosys happen/
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In the cytosol
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What is the second stage of cellular respiration?
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The citric acid cycle
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What happens in the citric acid cycle?
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The citric acid cycle completes the breakdown of sugar
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What is the thirs stage of cellular respiration?
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Electron transport
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What happens in the electron transport?
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Elctron transport releases the energy your cells need to make most of their ATP
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Where does Citric acid cycle take place?
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In the mitochodria
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Where does electron transport take place?
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In the mitochodria
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What are the ingredients for photosynthesis?
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Carbon dioxide and water
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Where is the water obtained for photosynthesis?
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From the damp soil by plants roots
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Where is the carbon dioxide obtained for photosynthesis?
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From the air by the plant's leaves
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How does carbon dioxide and water get made into sugars and other molecules in photosynthesis?
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Chloroplasts rearrange the atoms of these ingredients to produce the sugar and other molecules
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What is cellular respiration?
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The main way that chemical energy is harvested from food and converted to ATP
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What is the fuel for cellular respiration?
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Glucose
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What are redox reactions?
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Chemical reactions tha transfer electrons from one substance to another: oxidation and reduction
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How many ATP"s can be obtained through cellular respiration?
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About 38
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What is needed in glycolysis and is obtained at the end?
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2 NADH and glucose are needed, at the end 2 pyruvic acid and 2 ATP
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What happens to pyruvic acid before it can be used in the citric acid cycle?
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It is changed into 2 Acetyl CoA and 2 NADH a and 2 ATPare produced
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What is needed for the citric acid cycle?
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2 Acetyl CoA and 6NADH and 2 FADH2 and 2 ATP are produced
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How many ATP's is produced in the electron transport?
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34 ATP's
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The __________completes the breakdown of sugar all the way to ____, the waste product of cellular respiration.
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citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle)
CO2 |
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Electron transport
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Electrons captured from food by NADH “fall” down electron transport chains to oxygen. The proteins and other molecules that make up electron transport chains are embedded within the membrane of the mitochondria. Electron transport from NADH to oxygen releases the energy your cells use to make most of their ATP.
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Pyruvic acid, the fuel that remains after glycolysis, is not quite ready for the citric acid cycle. First, the fuel must be “prepped”–converted to a form the citric acid cycle can use. The actual fuel consumed by the citric acid cycle is a two-carbon compound called acetic acid. Before entering the citric acid cycle, acetic acid is bonded to a carrier molecule called __________ to form acetyl CoA.
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coenzyme A (CoA)
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The link between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle: the conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA.
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Each pyruvic acid molecule (there are two per starting glucose molecule) loses a carbon as CO2. This is the first of this waste product we’ve seen so far in the breakdown of glucose. The remaining fuel molecules, each with only two carbons left, are called acetic acid (the same acid that’s in vinegar). Oxidation of the fuel generates NADH. Finally, the acetic acid is attached to a molecule called coenzyme A (CoA) to form acetyl CoA. The CoA escorts the acetic acid into the first reaction of the citric acid cycle.
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the citric acid cycle captures much more energy in the form of six molecules of NADH and two molecules of a second electron carrier, FADH2. Electron transport then converts ____ and _____ energy to _____ energy.
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NADH
FADH2 ATP |
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ATP synthase
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A complex (cluster) of several proteins found in a cellular membrane (including the inner membrane of mitochondria, the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts, and the plasma membrane of prokaryotes) that functions in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP. An ATP synthase provides a port through which hydrogen ions (H+) diffuse.
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How electron transport drives ATP synthase machines.
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NADH transfers electrons from food to electron transport chains. Electron transport chains use this energy supply to pump H+ across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. The infoldings of the inner membrane increase surface area, maximizing the number of electron transport chains built into the membrane. Notice that the oxygen you breathe pulls electrons down the transport chain. The deadly poisons cyanide and carbon monoxide can interrupt this step. H+ flows back through an ATP synthase, spinning part of the synthase much the way water turns a turbine when it flows through the gates in a dam. The ATP synthase uses the energy of the H+ gradient to regenerate ATP from ADP.
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Some of the deadliest poisons do their damage by disrupting electron transport in mitochondria. For example, both carbon monoxide and cyanide kill by ________________________________________...
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blocking the transfer of electrons from electron transport chains to oxygen
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fermentation
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The anaerobic harvest of food by some cells.
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Fermentation.
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Glycolysis produces ATP without the help of O2. This process requires a continuous supply of NAD+ to accept electrons from glucose. The NAD+ is regenerated when NADH transfers the electrons it removed from food to pyruvic acid, thereby producing (a) lactic acid, (b) ethyl alcohol, or other waste products, depending on the species of organism.
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___________ acid is to human muscle cells as ethyl ___________ is to yeast.
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Lactic
alcohol |
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Inputs to glycolysis
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Glucose
2 ATP 2 NAD+ |
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Outputs of glycolysis
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Pyruvic acid
4 ATP 2 NADH |
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Inputs to citric acid cycle
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acetyl CoA
NADH ADP |
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outputs from citric acid cycle
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1 ATP
NAD+ CO2 CoA |
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inputs for electron transfer
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oxygen
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outputs for electron transfer
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34 ATP
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