Chapter 6

Front 1

Electron microscope

Back 1

Microscope that focuses a beam of electrons through a specimen or onto its surface. Downside is that the specimen has to be dead.

Front 2

Cytosol

Back 2

Jelly-like semifluid found in all cells that holds all subcellular components.

Front 3

Nucleus (cell)

Back 3

In a eukaryotic cell, it is a (double) membrane-enclosed organelle in which most DNA is stored.

Front 4

Nucleoid (cell)

Back 4

Region (not membrane-enclosed) in prokaryotic cells that holds most of the DNA.

Front 5

Cytoplasm

Back 5

Interior of a cell. In eukaryotic cells, this does not include the nucleus.

Front 6

Prokaryotic cells are usually __________ than eukaryotic cells.

Back 6

Smaller

Front 7

Nuclear envelope

Back 7

Double membrane that encloses the nucleus and separates it from cytoplasm.

Front 8

Nuclear lamina

Back 8

Net-like array of protein filaments that lines the inside of the nuclear membrane and maintains the shape of the nucleus.

Front 9

Chromosome

Back 9

DNA structures that carry genetic info. Each contains one long DNA molecule associated with many proteins, some of which help coil the DNA molecule of the chromosome to help it fit into the nucleus.

Front 10

Chromatin

Back 10

Complex of DNA and proteins that make up chromosomes.

Front 11

Nucleolus

Back 11

Structure within the nucleus consulting of chromosomal regions containing ribosomal RNA genes along with ribosomal proteins imported from cytoplasm; site of rRNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly.

Front 12

Ribosomes

Back 12

Complexes made of rRNA and protein; cellular components that carry out protein synthesis.

Front 13

Endomembrane system

Back 13

System in cell containing nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, various vesicles and vacuoles, and the plasma membrane.

Front 14

Vesicles

Back 14

Membranous sacs in eukaryotic cells

Front 15

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Back 15

Network of membranes in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions.

Front 16

Functions of smooth ER

Back 16

Lipid synthesis, metabolism of carbs, drug/poison detox, and calcium ion storage.

Front 17

Functions of rough ER

Back 17

Protein synthesis and transport

Front 18

Transport vesicles

Back 18

Vesicles that move from one part of the cell to the other.

Front 19

Glycoproteins

Back 19

Proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them. Make up most secretory proteins.

Front 20

Golgi apparatus

Back 20

Warehouse for receiving, sorting, shipping, and manufacturing of different products such as proteins and Polysaccharides.

Front 21

Lysosome

Back 21

Membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal cell uses to digest macromolecules.

Front 22

Phagocytosis

Back 22

Type of endocytosis where small substances are taken up by the cell it is carried out by some protists and buy certain immune cells of animals.

Front 23

Mitochondria

Back 23

Sites of cellular respiration, the metabolic process that uses O2 to generate ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats, and other fuels.

Front 24

Vacuoles

Back 24

Large vesicles derived from ER and Golgi apparatus. Food vacuoles (phagocytosis), contractile vacuoles (pumps out excess water), central vacuole (in mature plants made of smaller vacuoles).

Front 25

Chloroplast

Back 25

Found in plants and algae; sites of photosynthesis. Convert solar energy into chemical energy.

Front 26

Endosymbiont theory

Back 26

Theory stating that an early eukaryotic cell engulfed a prokaryotic cell and evolved into a eukaryotic cell with a mitochondrion

Front 27

Cristae

Back 27

Inner foldings of a mitochondrion. Divides cell into two parts.

Front 28

Mitochondrial matrix

Back 28

Mitochondrial compartment enclosed by the inner membrane; contains enzymes, DNA, and ribosomes.

Front 29

Thylakoids

Back 29

Flattened, interconnected sac in chloroplast.

Front 30

Granum

Back 30

Stacks of thylakoids in chloroplast.

Front 31

Stroma

Back 31

Fluid outside the thylakoids; contains DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes.

Front 32

Peroxisome

Back 32

Specialized metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane; contain enzymes that remove hydrogen atoms from various substrates and transfer them to oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide as a by-product.

Front 33

Cytoskeleton

Back 33

Network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm.

Front 34

Motor proteins

Back 34

Protein that interacts with cytoskeletal elements and other cell components, producing movement of the whole cell or parts of the cell.

Front 35

Microtubules

Back 35

Hollow rods (25nm in diameter, 200+ nm in length) found in eukaryotic cells.

Front 36

Centrosome

Back 36

Region near nucleus; "microtubule-organizing center"

Front 37

Centriole

Back 37

Structure made of microtubules.

Front 38

Flagellum

Back 38

Long, cellular appendage for locomotion. Made of microtubules.

Front 39

Cilia

Back 39

Short microtubule-containing projections used for locomotion or moving things past a cell.

Front 40

Dyneins

Back 40

Proteins responsible for bending movement of a cell.

Front 41

Microfilaments

Back 41

Solid rods about 7 nm in diameter built from actin molecules.

Front 42

Cortex

Back 42

Outer cytoplasmic layer of a cell.

Front 43

Myosin

Back 43

Type of motor protein that associates into filaments that interact with actin filaments to cause cell contraction.

Front 44

Pseudopodia

Back 44

Cellular extensions ("false foot") used by amoeba to move.

Front 45

Cytoplasmic streaming

Back 45

Circular flow of cytoplasm within a cell.

Front 46

Cell wall

Back 46

Extracellular structure of plant cells that protects them, maintains their shape, and prevents excessive intake of water.

Front 47

Middle lamella

Back 47

Polysaccharide glue that keeps plant cells together.

Front 48

Collagen

Back 48

Most abundant glycoprotein (40% of all protein in human body) in ECM (extracellular matrix); forms strong fibers outside cells.

Front 49

Proteoglycans

Back 49

Large molecule consisting of a small core protein with many carb chains attached, found in extracellular matrix of animal cells. Up to 95% carb.

Front 50

Fibronectin

Back 50

Glycoproteins that attach some cells to the ECM.

Front 51

Integrins

Back 51

Cell-surface receptor proteins built into the plasma membrane.

Front 52

Plasmodesmata

Back 52

Membrane-lined channels filled with cytoplasm; perforate cell walls.