Lecture 6 - Chapter 6

Front 1

General Form aA + bB = cC + dD

what are the reactants?

Back 1

A and B

Front 2

General Form aA + bB = cC + dD

What are the products

Back 2

C and D

Front 3

General Form aA + bB = cC + dD

What are a, b, c, and d.

Back 3

moles

Front 4

What is Energy

Back 4

The ability to promote change or do work

Front 5

Kinetic Energy

Back 5

Energy of movement

Front 6

Potential Energy

Back 6

Energy due to Structure or location of substance

Front 7

Chemical Energy

Back 7

Potential Energy held in molecular bonds

Front 8

Thermodynamics

Back 8

The ability of energy to be converted from one form to another.

Front 9

First law of thermodynamics

Back 9

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

It can be transformed from one type to another

ex: chemical energy to heat energy

Front 10

Second law of thermodynamics

Back 10

Transformation of energy from one form to another increases entropy

Front 11

Entropy

Back 11

The degree of disorder of a system. A measure of randomness of molecules in a system. This energy cannot be harnessed to do work.

Front 12

Energy in Chemical Reactions

Back 12

Total Energy(Enthalpy) = Usable energy(free energy) + Unusable energy(Entropy)

Front 13

Energy in chemical reactions formula

Back 13

H = G + (T)(S)

Front 14

H = G + (S)(T)

What do these stand for??

Back 14

H = enthalpy (total energy) .

G = Free energy (Energy available for work) .

S = entropy (unusable energy) .

T = absolute temperature in Kelvin (k) .

Front 15

Spontaneity of Chemical Reactions is decided by what?

Back 15

The change in energy

Front 16

What is the formula for Spontaneity of chemical reactions?

Back 16

delta(G) = delta(H) - (T)delta(S)

Front 17

G = H - (T)(S)

What do these stand for??

Back 17

H = enthalpy (total energy) .

G = Free energy (Energy available for work) .

S = entropy (unusable energy) .

T = absolute temperature in Kelvin (k) .

Front 18

What is an Exergonic Reaction

Back 18

Free Energy (deltaG) is negative and released.

Spontaneous

Front 19

What is an Endergonic Reaction

Back 19

Free Energy (deltaG) is positive and gained

Not spontaneous

Front 20

ATP: what is its proper name?

Back 20

Adenosine Triphosphate.

ATP is the primary carrying molecule in the cell.

Front 21

How is ATP bonded?

Back 21

ATP is bonded between the 2 terminal PO4 high energy bonds

Front 22

How does ATP give energy to the cell to do work?

Back 22

The terminal PO4 is removed, energy is released and can be "captured" by the cell to do work.

Front 23

What is the Hydrolysis of ATP?
What kind of reaction is it?

Back 23

Delta(G) of -7.3 kcal/mole so Exergonic Reaction.
Energy is released.

Front 24

In the hydrolysis of ATP what is the chemical reaction taking place?

Back 24

ATP is broken down to create ADP + P.

This is central to many biological reactions.

Front 25

What do many proteins use as a source of Energy?

Back 25

ATP

Front 26

An endergonic reaction can be coupled to an exergoinc reaction. What is the condition that allows this to happen?

Back 26

The net free energy of both reactions has to be negative supporting a spontaneous reaction.

Front 27

About how many times does ATP undergo Hydrolysis and re-synthesis every day?

Back 27

10,000

Front 28

What thing functions as ATP-binding sites?

Back 28

Specific Amino acid sequences in proteins function as ATP-binding sites

Front 29

On average how many proteins bind ATP?

Back 29

20% of all proteins bind ATP, but that number is low balling it.

Front 30

What are the 2 ways to make ATP

Back 30

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation and Chemiosmosis

Front 31

What is Substrate-level phosphorylation?

Back 31

Enzyme directly transfers phosphate from one molecule to another molecule

Front 32

What is Chemiosmosis?

Back 32

Energy stored in an electrochemical gradient is used to make ATP from ADP and Pi

Front 33

Is a spontaneous reaction fast?

Back 33

No, it can be slow. Spontaneous just means it happens naturally.

Front 34

What is a Catalyst?

Back 34

Agent that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.

Front 35

Is the Catalyst used up during the reaction?

Back 35

No it is not consumed during reactions.

Front 36

What is a Protein Catalyst?

Back 36

Protein Catalysts speed up the rate of biochemical reactions.

Front 37

What is Activation Energy?

Back 37

The energy used to start a reaction. It is the energy required to get the stuff close enough to cause a bond rearrangement.

Front 38

How does an Enzyme effect the activation?

Back 38

The addition of an Enzyme allows the activation energy needed for a reaction to be much lower for the reaction to progress.

Front 39

What are 2 ways to overcome activation energy?

Back 39

Large amounts of HEAT.

Using Enzymes.

Front 40

How do Enzymes work? (2 parts)

Back 40

The use small amounts of heat to push reactants to a transition state.

They also used direct participation through temporary bonding.

Front 41

What are some Enzyme features? (3)

Back 41

Active site - the place where reactions take place.

The Substrates - The reactants that bind to an active site.

Enzyme/substrate complex - the form that is taken when the enzyme and substrate are bonded.

Front 42

How does the binding work inside of an Enzyme?

Back 42

The binding stresses chemical bonds allowing for easier breakdown/binding

Front 43

How many types of reactions can a catalyst do?

Back 43

Only one type of reaction

Front 44

What does induced fit mean?

Back 44

Interaction involving conformation changes. It forces that stuff in.

Front 45

Enzyme function is directly effected by what variables?

Back 45

Substrate concentration and inhibitors

Front 46

What are inhibitors?

Back 46

Molecules that prevent the substrate from binding to the enzyme.

Front 47

What is the allosteric site?

Back 47

This is the extra spot on the back of the enzyme that is like the fuel tank for the enzyme. It allows the substrate to be changed better.

Front 48

What do inhibitors do? (2 part)

Back 48

Decrease the rate of product formation in enzymes.
They may mind to the active site or allostreic site

Front 49

Competitive Inhibitors

Back 49

Molecules that bind to an active site taking the place of a substrate. They may have a similar form to substrate.

Front 50

Noncompetitive inhibition

Back 50

Inhibitors that bind to allosteric site.

This inhibits the ability of substrate to bind. It can still happen, it is just slower.

Front 51

What is a prostetic group?

Back 51

Group of small molecules permanently attached to the enzyme

Front 52

What is a cofactor?

Back 52

Usually inorganic ion that temporarily binds to an enzyme.

Front 53

What is a Coenzyme?

Back 53

Organic molecule that participates in the reaction but is left unchanged afterward

Front 54

Enzymes are affected by their environment.
How?

Back 54

Most enzymes function maximally in a narrow range of temperature and pH. Outside of this does not go well.

Front 55

Chemical reactions occur in what type of pathway?

Back 55

Metabolic pathways

Front 56

Each step of a chemical reaction occurring in a metabolic pathway is coordinated by what?

Back 56

Specific enzymes

Front 57

There are 2 types of metabolic pathways. What are they?

Back 57

Catabolic (Exergonic - spontaneous)

Anabolic (Endergonic - not spontaneous)

Front 58

Cataboic reaction is a ???? reaction

Back 58

Exergonic - spontaneous

neg delta

Front 59

Anabolic reaction is a ???? reaction

Back 59

Endergonic - not spontaneous

pos delta

Front 60

Catabolic Reactions do what?

Back 60

Breakdown reactants. Used for recycling and to obtain energy for endergonic reactions.

Front 61

Cataboic reaction - where is the energy stored?

Back 61

ATP and NADH

Front 62

Anabolic reactions are what type of reaction?

Back 62

Biosynthetic reactions. Endergonic - must be coupled to exergoinc reactions.

Front 63

Oxidation does what?

Back 63

Removes electrons (net positive charge)

Front 64

Reduction does what?

Back 64

Addition of electrons (net negative charge)

Front 65

Redox reaction is what?

Back 65

Electron removed from one molecule and is then added to another

Front 66

Electrons removed by oxidation are used for what?

Back 66

Electrons that are removed by oxidation are used to create energy intermediates like NADH

Front 67

NADH is ???? to make ATP

Back 67

NDH is oxidized to make ATP.

It can donate electron during synthesis reaction

Front 68

Regulation of metaboic pathways? How does this happen?

Back 68

Gene regulation - turn on or off genes.

Cellular regulation - cell-signaling pathways like hormones.

Biochemical regulations - feedback inhibition where product of pathways inhibits early steps to prevent over-accumulation of prodcut. Slows down the first part to ease up on the later slower steps.