Chapter 6-7 Exam Review

Front 1

describe the development of federalism in our nation's history

Back 1

federalism has devolped over the years from times of dual federlism a layer of cake of divided powers (1790-1933), later on to cooperative federlism of a marble cake of mixed powers from (1930-1960),then to a regulated ferderalism of more money with strings attached (1961-1969), most recently to a new federalism government of returning the power to the states (1970-present). in a dual federalism the national and state court government operatd independently of each other. a coopererative federlism is when the national and stte govt share some responsiblity. Regulated federalism came wit strict reglualations to how government money should be spenpt and unfunded mandates tha are programs congress expected the people to finnace the people and money they neeeded to solve a problem using the gov't problem solving plan. New federlism is when the power is trying to be returned to the stes. in this gov'y state programs and policies decide how to solve problems on their own and get finnaces from the government in forms of federal block garnts,state and local tax dollars

Front 2

analyze 4 categories of civil partcipation

Back 2

electoral specialist -are those whose main engament is through the election process.
civic specialist-are people who focus on improving their communities and helping others
dual activists- engage in both electoral and civic activities .
the disengaged- are not significantly enaged in civic life. electoral specialist vote, volunteer,poltical campaign, and try to persuade others to vote as well.
Civiv spealists join local civiv groups,support non profit organizations, and take part in fundrasing activities for worthy causes.
the disenaged doesn't vote or pay attention to civis affairs. Right now I am at a level of disengaged but as I get older and have the option to be apart of all these I hope to be a dual activitist

Front 3

briefly explain each major 3 forms of city government in the U.S

Back 3

the mayor council system is the oldest form of a government where voters elect both a city council members and a a mayor who is the cheif executiveof the government
commision system isa form of city government led by a group of proffessional commissioners chosen for their skills and expertise: became popular in the 1900's
council manger system- elected city council makes policy decisions but leaves daily task of running government to a hired manger

Front 4

describe the steps in naturalization porocess

Back 4

1. Immigrant arrives in the United States with a legal visa they must be at least 18 years old to appply for citzenship
2. Permant rediency- immigrant must apply for permant resident status
3. Applicaticants-Legal resident who has been in the country for at least five years may apply to the court
4.Intreview-applicants are interviewed by the U.S citzenship and imgration services
5. Applicants take and english test on how they can speak,write,and read the language and of basic knolledge of the american government/history
6.Ceremoney-Applicants reciece citzeship in a formal authority who recieves a certificate of naturlization
6.Cerem

Front 5

compare and contrast the two major political idelogies in american politics inculding some discussion of the issues they support. Then explain how moderates factor into our system

Back 5

liberalism is the form of ideelogy that supprs an actice role in the gov't ablity to solve peoples problems.Libereals uuually asscoate themselves with the democratic party and they often support gov't regulating businesses economy to help the poor and reduce econmix inequality, Liberals strongly defend liberty and resisit gov't effort to interfer with peoples personal lives but the also favor government help in protection to the environment and imporve health care systmems. Conservatism calls for limited role in gov't affairs. Conservation is generally favored by rebupublicans and opposeg ov busineess regulation. Most want to limit govt size,reduce taxes and cut back on government programs. But instead tjeu lok to private iniatice effort by nongovernmental groups (charties,congregations,service organizations...) to deal woth many of societys problems.Over the years more Americans have classied themselves as conservatives (30-40%) vs. liberals (20%). Both of these parties though different both agree working with the government is a nesscesitay
Moderates dont really fit neatly into any ideloical camp so the are considered ti be the center of the polictical spectrum between idelogies of left and right. However slightly libreal or conservative voters make up the largest population in the US

Front 6

dicuss the process of redistricing an how gerrymandering can be used to give one political party or the other an an upper hand in elections

Back 6

redistric ing id the redrawing out of voting districrs t reflect population changes, as a polictical question. AT first redirecting was up to the state legislators who showed favortiism to a smalll group of small towns in rural areas. The court later decided in 1962 that legidlative appoinment was a question for state and federal courts to consider. Within a year 36 states were involved in lawsuits over their apportimemt of legislative seats. The Supreme Court riled in Reynolds v Sims that one vote is one vote where're they live in the city or the country. In today's society redistricting the gov in done every 10 years after a Census Burea reports of the national census. Few states have turned this over to the redirecting of lines over it an independent commission mostly this is done by lawmakers but this is a dissident process.
Ex: packing is when the governmen party draws the distrîct in such a way that their opposition is will win that district with 80% or 90% of the role but they willlose the surrounding districts
Cracking Gus when a

Front 7

trace the struggle for african american civil right from the dred scoot case to brown vs. board of education

Back 7

In the Dred scott descision the supreme court denied the citzenshio to African Americans(1857), then with the passing of the fourteenth Amendment ec=xtended citzenshio right to african american amerincans in 1868, ater that we took a step back during Plessy v Ferguson desicion upholding that segeragation was slegal as long as facilaties were seperate or but equal(1896), then when entered a time of Africian amercians still fighting for there rights in in 1909 when the National Association for the Advancement of colored people (NAACP) was formed, thid further moved on in 1948 when President Truman ended segregation in the armed forves and finally to Brown v. Board of education which overturned segregation in public schools. All thes hardships and sacificies led to Civil Right of 1964 banning discrimination and promoting equal rightd