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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Energy |
is the ability to do work or to bring about change |
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Kinetic Energy |
Energy of motion |
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Potential Energy |
Stored Energy |
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Two Laws of Thermodynamics |
1. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be changed from one form to another. 2. Energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of usable energy. |
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Entropy |
refers to the relative amount of disorganization. |
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Energy transformations in cells |
increase the amount of entropy |
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Processes in living organisms require an input of |
energy that is ultimately lost as heat |
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Metabolism |
is the sum of all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell A + B ----> C + D (reactants) ---> (products) |
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reactants |
molecules entering a chemical reaction |
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products |
what is produced or made |
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Free Energy |
is the amount of energy available |
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Exergonic reactions |
are ones where energy is released |
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Endergonic |
reactions require an input of energy |
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ATP stands for |
Adenosine Triphosphate |
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ATP is generated from |
ADP ( adenosine diphosphate) + a phosphate molecule (p) |
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ATP is a nucleotide that is composed of |
Adenine- (a nitrogen-containing base) Ribose- (a 5-carbon sugar) The phosphate groups |
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The energy released by an exergonic reaction is used to |
drive an endergonic reaction |
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Metabolic pathways are a series of |
linked reactions |
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These begin with a specific reactant |
and produce an end product |
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Enzymes |
are proteins that function to speed a chemical reaction |
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Enzymes serve as |
catalysts |
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The Energy of Activation |
is the energy that must be added to cause molecules to react with one another |
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Enzyme binds |
substrate to form a complex |
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Substrate and active site shapes |
don't match exactly |
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Active site is induced to undergo a |
slight change in shape to accommodate substrate binding |
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Substrate concentration |
enzyme activity increases as substrate concentration increases because there are more collisions between substrate and enzyme Maximum rate is achieved when all active sites of an enzyme are filled continuously with substrate |
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Temperature and pH |
Enzyme activity increase as temperature rises. -Higher temperatures cause more effective collision between enzymes and substrates - High temperatures may denature an enzyme, inhibiting its ability to bind substrates |
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Enzyme Co-factors |
Molecules which help enzyme function copper and zinc are examples of inorganic co-factors Organic non-protein co-factors are called co-enzymes -vitamins are often components of co-enzymes |
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Oxidation |
is the loss of electrons |
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Reduction |
is the gaining of electrons |
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Photosynthesis |
Energy is required and this comes in the form of light from the sun |
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Chloroplast |
convert solar energy to ATP which is then used along with hydrogen to reduce carbon dioxide to glucose |
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Glucose is |
Oxidized (lost hydrogen atoms) |
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Oxygen is |
reduced to form water |
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complete oxidation of a molecule of glucose produces |
686 kcal of energy |
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The oxidation of glucose to form ATP is done in what way? |
series of small steps to increase efficiency |
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Catabolism is |
Breaking down of molecules |
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Anabolism is |
Building up of molecules |
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Catabolism |
Food contains three nutrients that are used as energy sources, these nutrients can be broken down into smaller molecules Carbohydrates- Glucose Fats- Glycerol and Fatty acids Proteins- Amino Acids |
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Anabolism |
Many of the building blocks of larger molecules come directly from our food Glucose- Glycogen Amino Acids- Proteins |
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Metabolic pathways allow energy within glucose to be |
released |
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Release of energy |
does not happen all at once |
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As glucose is broken down |
ATP is built up |
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Breakdown of glucose results in |
36 or 38 ATP molecules |
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NAD+ and FAD |
two coenzymes that are active during cellular respiration they carry electrons from the cytoplasm or the mitochondrial matrix and carry them to the cristae of the mitochondria each carry two electrons and two hydrogen atoms |
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Phases of cellular respiration |
1. Glycolisis 2. Preparatory reaction 3. Citric Acid Cycle 4. Electron transport chain |
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Glycolisis |
initial break down of glucose occurs in the cytoplasm breakdown of glucose to 2 molecules of pyruvate Oxidation by removal of hydrogens releases enough energy to make 2 ATP |
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Preparatory Reaction |
Pyruvate oxidized to acetyl CoA and carbon dioxide is removed Prep reaction occurs twice because glycolisis produces 2 pyruvates |
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Citric Acid Cycle |
Acetyl CoA is converted to citric acid and enters the cycle Cyclical series of oxidation reactions that produces 1 ATP an d carbon dioxide Citric acid cycle turns twice because 2 acetyl CoA's are produced per glucose |
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Electron Transport Chain |
Also occurs in the mitochondria series of electron carrier molecules As the electrons move from a higher energy state to a lower one, energy is released to make ATP Under aerobic conditions 32-34 ATP per glucose molecule can be produced |
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Fermentation |
Anaerobic process Occurs when O2 is not available Animal cells convert pyruvate to lactate Other organisms convert pyruvate to alcohol and CO2 |
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Fermentation |
Provides a rapid burst of ATP Provides a low but continuous supply of ATP when oxygen is limited and only glycolysis can function lactate is potentially toxic to muscles, lowering pH and causing fatigue |
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Photosynthesis converts |
solar energy into chemical energy |
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Organisms that carry photosynthesis are called |
autotrophs |
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Heterotrophs are |
organisms that feed on other organisms |
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Autotrophs and heterotrophs use |
organic molecules produced by photosynthesis |
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Pigments |
allow photosynthetic organisms to capture solar energy |
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Photosynthesis occurs in the |
green parts of plants |
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Leaves contain |
Mesophyll tissue specialized for photosynthesis |
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Water is taken up by |
roots and transported to leaves by veins |
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Carbon dioxide enters through |
openings in the leaves called Stomata |
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Light energy is absorbed by |
Chlorophyll and other pigments in thylakoids of chloroplasts |
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Chlorphyll is stored |
in the chloroplast |
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Glucose and Oxygen are |
products of photosynthesis |
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the oxygen given off comes from |
water |
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CO2 gains hydrogen atoms and becomes |
a carbohydrate |
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Photo refers to |
capturing light |
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Synthesis refers to producing a |
carbohydrate |
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Chemical energy is stored in |
glucose |
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the two sets of reactions are called the
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Light reactions Calvin cycle reactions |
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Photon |
packet of light |
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Photosynthesis takes place in the |
chloroplast |
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Light reactions consist of two electron pathways |
1. Non-cyclic electron pathway 2. Cyclic electron pathway both pathways transform solar energy to chemical energy Both pathways produce ATP The non-cyclic pathway also produces NADPH |
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The series of reactions that use CO2 from the atmosphere to produce Carbohydrate includes: |
Carbon dioxide fixation Carbon dioxide reduction RuBP regeneration |
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Both plant and animal cells carry out |
cell respiration |
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only plant cells |
photosynthesize |
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both processes use an |
electron transport fro ATP production |
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Photosynthesis reduces |
CO2 to carbohydrates and releases O2 |
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Respiration utilizes |
O2 and gives off CO2 |
