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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What do metabolism and metabolic pathways refer to?
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•it is the totality of an organism's chemical reactions
•in this pathway, a specific molecule is altered in a series of defined steps, resulting in a product |
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What is the difference between anabolic and catabolic pathways?
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Anabolic: consumer energy in order to build up complex molecules
Catabolic: release energy by breaking down complex molecules |
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What are the forms of energy?
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Kinetic: motion
Thermal: kinetic energy associated w/ random movement of atoms/molecules Heat: thermal energy in transfer from one object to another Potential: stores energy Chemical: potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction |
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What does potential energy mean?
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Energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure
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What are the 1st and 2nd laws of thermodynamics?
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1st: energy can be transferred or transformed but neither created or destroyed
2nd: all energy transfers/transformations increases the entropy of the universe |
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What is entropy?
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Disorder
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How does free energy relate to spontaneous process?
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The value of🔺G tells us whether a reaction is spontaneous (energetically favorable) or not.
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What is the difference between and endergonic reaction and an exergonic reaction?
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Ender: absorbs free energy from surroundings (G increases, so 🔺G is positive)
Exer: loses free energy (G decreases, so 🔺G is negative); occurs spontaneously |
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What is bioenergetics?
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The study of how energy flows through living organisms
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How does ATP relate to energy coupling?
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ATP is responsible for mediating most energy coupling in cells and acts as the most immediate source of energy that powers the cell's work
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How is ATP hydrolysis linked to phosphorylation?
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In order to couple reactions during ATP hydrolysis, phosphorylation must occur.
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What is the role of enzymes in metabolic processes?
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They speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers (acts as a catalyst).
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What does catalyst mean?
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A chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction
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What do enzymes have in common with receptors?
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They are both proteins that can cause a reaction or response. Also both have specific sites for substrates to bind to.
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What is a cofactor and some examples of it?
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•non protein helpers that are required for catalytic activity
•examples: metal atoms zinc, iron and copper in ionic form |
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What is the difference between non competitive and competitive inhibition of enzymes?
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Non competitive: do not directly compete with the substrate to bind to the enzyme at the active site
Competitive: reduce the productivity of enzymes by blocking substrates from entering active sites |
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How do genetic factors e.g mutations affect enzyme activity?
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The changed enzyme may bind to a different substrate
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What is allosteric regulation and what are the roles of activators and inhibitors?
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•describes any case in which a protein's function at one site is affected by the binding of a regulatory molecule to a separate site
•activator: stabilizes the shape that has functional active sites Inhibitor: stabilizes the inactive form of the enzyme |
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What does cooperativity mean?
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Mechanism that amplifies the response of enzymes to substrates
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What does feed inhibition mean and what is the role of end products in enzymatic reactions?
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•a metabolic pathway is switched off by the inhibitory binding of its end product to an enzyme that acts early as a pathway
•not sure |
