Chapter 6

Front 1

what is memory

Back 1

the mental process that allows us to acquire, sotre and retrieve information

Front 2

The three fundamental processes involved inmemory
______is transferring information into a form that can be entered into and retained by the memory system

Back 2

Encoding

Front 3

the three fundamental processes involved in memory
_______refers to retaining information in memory so it can be used at a later tme

Back 3

storage -- c drive

Front 4

the three fundamental processes involved in memory
_______ is how we recover stored information so that we are consciously aware of it.

Back 4

retrieval

Front 5

the best way to describe memory

Back 5

is using the stage model

Front 6

the stage model of memory involves three distinct tages - informatin is transferred from one memory stage to another - each memory stage is throught to difffer in terms of 1.____ or how much information can be stored 2._______or how long the informatin can be stored 3. _______or what is done with the stored information

Back 6

1. capacity
2. duration
3. funciton

Front 7

stage 1: called ____
takes in a great deal of inforation about the environment) lights, temperture, etc

Back 7

sensory memory

Front 8

registers a great deal of information from the environemtn and holds it for only a few seconds

Back 8

most sensory memories get downloads what you pay attention to is transferred to the next memory stage

Front 9

stage 2: called ____Random Access Memory a doc. on your monitor working on

Back 9

short term memory

Front 10

state 3: called ____.

Back 10

lon term memory or brains "c' drive

Front 11

informatoin flows back and forth betewwen short - and long term meomory- what is the duratin of sensory memory

Back 11

very short

Front 12

what is the duration of visual sensory meoory Iconic memory)

Back 12

1/4 to 1/2 second

Front 13

what is the duration of auditory sensory memory (echoic memory)

Back 13

few seconds

Front 14

what is the most important function of sensory memory

Back 14

makes the determinantion if we should pass the information on or not to breifly store sensory infermation so it overlaps allows us to perceive the world as continus and unbroken

Front 15

Short-Term, Working memory RAM what is the duration of short-term memory

Back 15

about 20-30 secons

Front 16

what is maintenance rehearsal?

Back 16

mental or verbal repetition of information

Front 17

What happens to information that isn't rehearsed?

Back 17

it quickly fades away

Front 18

what is the capacity of short-term memory?

Back 18

about 7 bits of inforatoin plus or minus 2

Front 19

what happens whem capacity has been reached?

Back 19

new information bumps out old information

Front 20

how can we increase the capacity oif short-term memory

Back 20

chunking or group items together in a meaninful way

Front 21

what is the primary function of short term memory

Back 21

provides temporary storage area whil informatin is being transferred from sensory to long term memory

Front 22

what is encoding?

Back 22

putting information in to a form that can be retrieved

Front 23

use of elaborative rehearsal - to keep things in long term memory

Back 23

focusing on the meaning of the information

Front 24

use self-reference effect

Back 24

applying the information to yourself

Front 25

sue of visual imagery

Back 25

using vivid visual pictures

Front 26

levels of processing framework: shallow vs. deep

Back 26

simple repetiton (maintance rehersal) is a shollow level of processin and more likely to be forgotton. focusing on meaning (elaborative rehearshal) is deeper processing and more likely to be remembered.

Front 27

what is the capacity of long-term memory

Back 27

is our brains c drive -- know body has been able to find the limit to long term memory (limitless)

Front 28

The thrree major categories of information stored in long-term memory:
1. _______how to perform different skills operations and actions
2. ______memory of specific events or epidoes in your life
3. ______ general knowledge that includes facts, names definitions concepts and ideas

Back 28

1. Procedural
2. episodic
3. Semantic

Front 29

By studing patients with amnesia, we know that long-term memory is composed of two separate but interacting subsymstems and abilities:

Back 29

Explicit (conscious information) memory is memory with conscious awarness
(Corresponds to episodic and semantic memory)

Front 30

Implicit (nondeclarative) memory is memory ______awareness

Back 30

without conscious
(corresponds to procedural memory.)
Procedural is hardest to forget

Front 31

The Importance of Retrieval cues - what is a retrieval cue

Back 31

a clue, prompt, or hint that helps trigger the recall a stored memory.

Front 32

what is retrieval cue failure?

Back 32

the inabillity to recall long-term memories due to missing or inadequate retrieval cues

Front 33

The tip-of-the tong (TOT) experience

Back 33

cannot get a bit of information you know is stored

Front 34

What do we knowl about memroy from TOT experiences?

Back 34

memroy retrival is not an all or nothing process

Front 35

serial position efect has to do with the tip of the tongue what is the serial position effect?
tendency to recall the first items in a list is called________

Back 35

Primary effect

Front 36

tendency to recall the final items in a list is called

Back 36

recency effect

Front 37

The encoding specificity principle: context effect

Back 37

can remember information more easily when retrieval occurs in the same setting as the original learning.

Front 38

Mood congruence

Back 38

A given mood tends to trigger memories consistent with that mood

Front 39

Flashbulb Memories

Back 39

Detailed memories surrounding a vivid, rare or significant event

Front 40

what is forgetting you forget because you don't use it enough

Back 40

you inability to recall information that was prevoiusly available

Front 41

Herman Ebbighaus and the forgetting Curve

Back 41

Used nonsense syallabus to test forgetting. Found that most of our forgetting takes place soon after we originally learn material. the amount of foretting eventually levels off. 1st 20 mins after we are exposed to the information.

Front 42

why do we forget? encoding failure -

Back 42

information was never encoded properly for storage in long term memory

Front 43

absen mindedness

Back 43

occurs when atteition is divided - your mind isn't on what you're doing.

Front 44

prospective memory

Back 44

forgetting to do something in the fure remembering to do something in the futre. Deals with when something needs to be remembered rather than what due to retrival cue faillure this is why we need day planners

Front 45

decay theory

Back 45

conscious brain surgery forgetting is due to normal metabolic processes in the brain over time. New memories create memory traces which if not used fade with time.

Front 46

Interference theory

Back 46

forgetting is caued by one memory replacing another

Front 47

Proactive interference

Back 47

an old memory interefers with remembering a new one

Front 48

retroacgive

Back 48

a new memroay interfers with remember an old one

Front 49

Motivated forgetting: wanting to forget __________occurs ocnsciously because the person makes a deliberate effort (usually somnething or dramatic)

Back 49

suspression

Front 50

__________occurs unconsciously; all memory of an event is blocked from conscious awarness

Back 50

repression

Front 51

Memory Construction

Back 51

An active process we construct not just recorded new memories. When we retrieve them we reconsturct them

Front 52

Waht is the Misinformation Effect?

Back 52

if you expose some one to false or misleading information. People's existing memories can be altered by exposing them to misleading information.

Front 53

Elizabeth loftus classic auto accident study

Back 53

students watched a file of an auto accident. By altering the wording of questions asked later, researchers were able to affect their recall. Memories varied depending on the wording used even through everyone saw the same file

Front 54

Source confusion and False memories 1. Source Confusion

Back 54

Can't remember exactly where the memory cam from did it really happen? did i dream it? did I see it on t.v.

Front 55

False Memory

Back 55

A distored or fabricated recollection of sojmething that did not actually happen. But, it feels absolutely real.

Front 56

What is a schema

Back 56

an original cluser of knowledge and information about particular topics

Front 57

what is a script?

Back 57

the typical sequence of actions and behavior of a common evnet

Front 58

How can schemas and scripts cause memory distortions

Back 58

by affecting our expetation of what should happen

Front 59

The Search for the Memory Trace - Karl Lashley and his research

Back 59

Believed mories were localized or storied in specific area of the brain. Train rats to run a maze but found no speicif location for this memory. Concluded that memories weren't localized but were distributed and stored throughout the brain

Front 60

Richard F. Thompson and his research

Back 60

classical conditioned an eye-blink response in rabbits and found this memory was localized in the brain

Front 61

who is correct -- Lashley or Thompson?

Back 61

Both memories for simple tasks are localiazed (thomson) memories for complex tasks are distributed through the brain (Lashley)

Front 62

The sea snail Aplysia and brai changes involved in memory

Back 62

only 20,000 neurons used classical conditioning to from a memory

Front 63

The ______of the neurons is altered. There is an increase in amount of ______produced by the neurons.

Back 63

function / neurotransmitters

Front 64

The ______of the neurons also changes. The number of ______ increases.

Back 64

structure / snapses