Chapter 53 Bio 109:pp Notecards

Front 1

contains all organisms living in a community and the biotic factors with which they interact

Back 1

ecosystem

Front 2

two mainprocesses of ecosystem dynamics

Back 2

Energy flow and chemical cycling

Front 3

energy always -- chemicals always--

Back 3

flows
cycle

Front 4

both physics and
chemistry apply to ecosystems
____ in E flow
______ in Nutrient Cycling

Back 4

Physics
Chemistry

Front 5

Energy is conserved
but is__________ during ecosystem processing.

Back 5

degraded to heat

Front 6

energy and nutrients pass from ______(autotrophs) to ______ (herbivores) then to ______ (carnivores

Back 6

primary producers
primary consumers
secondary consumers

Front 7

connect all trophic levels

Back 7

Decomposition
(detrivors)

Front 8

amount of light E converted to chemical energy by autotrophs
during a given time period

Back 8

GPP

Front 9

% gpp that is lost during
respiration

Back 9

50

Front 10

NPP=GPP minus

Back 10

E used for cellular
respiration

Front 11

is the amount of biomass
produced

Back 11

NPP

Front 12

Different Ecosystems
have different

Back 12

NPP

Front 13

The open ocean has a____ surface area but ____ productivity
according to grams produced per square meter per year but almost ____ of the earth's photosynthesis occurs in the ocean

Back 13

high
low
1/4

Front 14

The tropical rain forest has a ____ surface area and _____
productivity in terms of grams of bomass per square meter per year and also contributes to ___ %of the earth primary productivity

Back 14

low
high
22%

Front 15

Terrestrial ecosystems contribute to almost____ of the global
NPP and marine about ____

Back 15

2/3
1/3

Front 16

NPP in the ocean is limited by

Back 16

Light and Nutrients

Front 17

NPP in the ocean is limited by light because

Back 17

in ocean light is diffracted

Front 18

NPP in the ocean is limited by nutrients because

Back 18

because N, P produced by dying fish sink to the bottom and have a hard time coming back up

Front 19

____ feedback between primary productivity and light penetration

Back 19

Negative

Front 20

in aquatic biomes ____ limit primary productivity more than light

Back 20

Nutrients

Front 21

nutrients that limit ocean primary productivity

Back 21

Limited by Nitrogen and Phosphors

Front 22

Nitrogen and Phosphors are needed for

Back 22

needed for proteins and DNA

Front 23

increasing
productivity of water body through nutrient addition

Back 23

Euthrophication

Front 24

Algea is produce too much the water will become

Back 24

anaerobic

Front 25

In some areas sewage runoff has caused ____which
can lead to the eventual loss of most of the fish species in a lake

Back 25

euthrophication

Front 26

Terrestrial Primary Production is effected by

Back 26

temperature and moisture, affect primary production on a large geographic scale

Front 27

the contrast between wet and dry climates can be represented by a measure called

Back 27

actual evapotraspiration

Front 28

- is the amount of water annually transpired by plants and evaporated from a landscape

Back 28

actual evapotraspiration

Front 29

on the local scale ______ is often the limiting factor in primary production

Back 29

nutrients N and P

Front 30

energy transfer between trophic levels is less than ___%
efficient

Back 30

20

Front 31

Production efficiency

Back 31

amount of primary producers biomass to become secondary
producer biomass

Front 32

when a caterpillar feeds on a plant leaf only about___ of the
energy is used for secondary production

Back 32

1/6

Front 33

the ________ of an organism is the fraction of energy stored in food that is not used for respiration

Back 33

production efficiency

Front 34

Trophic efficiency

Back 34

Is the percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next

Front 35

Trophic efficiency ranges from

Back 35

5 % to 20%

Front 36

the loss of energy with each transfer in a food chain can be represented by

Back 36

pyramid of net production

Front 37

similarly the amount of biomass transferred between trophic levels can be represented on the

Back 37

pyramid of biomass

Front 38

in aquatic systems the biomass pyramid is _____

Back 38

inverted

Front 39

The green world hypothesis

Back 39

-       
according to the green world hypothesis herbivores consume
relatively little plant biomass because they are held in check by producers

Front 40

The green world hypothesis is also called

Back 40

top- down control

Front 41

other factors that keep herbivores in check

Back 41

plants have defense systems
herbivores are nutrient limited
interspecific, intraspecific, and abiotic factors

Front 42

in ___ biomes plants do not have defenses against herbivores

Back 42

aquatic biomes

Front 43

ex of plant defenses

Back 43

(i)                
thorns on rosebushes, silcon in grass, and acorns tamium

Front 44

ex. negative calorie
foods

Back 44

celery and iceberg lettuce

Front 45

(i)                
includes competition within a species

Back 45

intraspecific

Front 46

interspecific

Back 46

includes the animals and their reactions with one another

Front 47

biological and geochemical processes move nutrients between organic and inorganic parts of the ecosystem

Back 47

d) biochemistry

Front 48

occur in the atmosphere and cycle globally

Back 48

a) gaseous forms of carbon, oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen

Front 49

cycle on a more local level

Back 49

phosphorous, potassium. and calcium

Front 50

is the only of the cycled elements that cycles through without changing its chemical properties

Back 50

water

Front 51

(1) no chemical change to water (only physical Δ)
(2) Completely ruled by physical chemistry
(a) climate
(3) Huge reservoir is in the ocean
(4) Everything balanced out
(5) Some water percolates through the soil & goes into ground water

Back 51

water cycle

Front 52

in the water cycle there are no __ changes only __ changes

Back 52

chemical
physical

Front 53

water cycle is completely ruled by ____ chemistry

Back 53

physical

Front 54

water cycle's Huge reservoir is

Back 54

the ocean

Front 55

Some water percolates through the soil & goes into ___-

Back 55

ground water

Front 56

(1) big parts are cellular respiration and photosynthesis
(2) this is basically a balanced cycle too
(3) There's a little imbalance
(a) if you remove the burning of fossil fuels, the amount of carbon fixed greater amount released
(4) Fossil fuel is derived from sediment plant matter

Back 56

CO2 cycle

Front 57

big parts of the CO2 cycle are

Back 57

cellular respiration and photosynthesis

Front 58

In the carbon cycle remove the burning of fossil fuels,

Back 58

the amount of carbon fixed greater amount released

Front 59

Fossil fuel is derived from

Back 59

sediment plant matter

Front 60

(1)              
75 % of is air N₂


(2)              
 Unavailable to 99% of
biological organisms


(3)              
Nitrogen fixers take N₂(g) and turn it
to NH4 and then to NO₃- ­ and NO₂-


(a)              
hard to do because N₂ has a triple
bond


(b)              
most bacteria that do this are associated with plants


(i)                
anoxic reaction the plant gives bacteria sugar


(c)               
Found mostly in beans (legumes)


(4)              
once in an inorganic form it can be easily converted into an
organic form by plants


(a)              
can stay inorganic form


(b)              
can go to NH4+


(c)               
can be denitrified back to N₂

Back 60

nitrogen cycle

Front 61

____% of is air N₂

Back 61

75

Front 62

N₂is Unavailable to ____% of biological organisms

Back 62

99

Front 63

take N₂(g) and turn it
to NH4 and then to NO₃- ­ and NO₂-

Back 63

Nitrogen fixers

Front 64

it is hard fix N₂because it has

Back 64

a triple
bond

Front 65

N-fixers are mostly found on

Back 65

Found mostly in beans (legumes)

Front 66

- has relatively bad soil, always starved, with fast recycling.

Back 66

\tropical rainforest--

Front 67

the amount of that nutrient that can be absorbed by plants in an ecosystem with damaging it

Back 67

the critical load of a nutrient

Front 68

combustion of fossil fuels releases nitrogen and sulfur form ____ to cause ____

Back 68

nitric and sulfuric acids in the atmosphere
acid rain

Front 69

biological magnification

Back 69

toxins concentrate at a hire trophic levels (mostly seen in fat soluble)

Front 70

biological magnification happens mostly in______ toxins

Back 70

fat soluble

Front 71

a)              
combustion of fossil fuels increases levels of ___-in atmosphere

Back 71

CO₂

Front 72

_______gases are need for life on Earth.

Back 72

green house gases