Chapter 41 Bio 109

Front 1

Animals require food for

Back 1

fuel, carbon skeletons, and essential nutrients

Front 2

A nutritionally adequate diet satisfies three needs:

Back 2

Fuel (chemical energy) for all the cellular work of the body
The organic raw materials animals use in biosynthesis (carbon skeletons to make many of their own molecules)
Essential Nutrients-substances that the animals cannot make for itself from any raw material and therefore must obtain in food in prefabricated form

Front 3

Most of the food energy that goes into an animal is used to make

Back 3

ATP

Front 4

ATP is produced as a result of the

Back 4

as a result of the oxidation of organic fuel
molecules (carbohydrates fats and proteins) in cellular respiration

Front 5

When animal take
in more calories than it needs to produce ATP, excess can be used for

Back 5

biosynthesis to grow or produce storage molecules

Front 6

When glucose levels rise above a set point the pancreas secrete _____ in to blood

Back 6

insulin

Front 7

Insulin decreases sugar levels by

Back 7

enhance the transport of glucose into the body cells and stimulates the liver and muscle cells to store glucose and glycogen, dropping blood glucose levels

Front 8

When glucose levels drop below a set point the pancreas secretes ______ into the blood

Back 8

glucagon

Front 9

Glucagon decreases sugar levels by

Back 9

the breakdown of glycogen and the release of glucose into the blood, increasing
the blood glucose level

Front 10

if the diet of a person is chronically deficient in calories __________ results

Back 10

undernourishment

Front 11

Overnourishment,

Back 11

obesity, is the result of excessive food intake

Front 12

In mammals a
hormone call _____ produced by
adipose cells is a key player in a complex feedback mechanism regulating fat
storage and use

Back 12

leptin

Front 13

A high leptin
level cues

Back 13

the brain to depress appetite and to increase energy consuming
molecular activity  and body-heat
production

Front 14

Loss of body fat causes ____ leptin levels in the blood, signaling ___________________

Back 14

low
the brain to increase appetite and weight gain

Front 15

besides fuel and carbon skeletons, an animal's diet must also supply ______

Back 15

Essential nutrients

Front 16

An animal whose diet is missing one or more essential nutrients is said to be

Back 16

malnourished

Front 17

Animals need __
amino acids to make proteins

Back 17

20

Front 18

must be obtained
from food

Back 18

Essential amino acids

Front 19

# of amino acids are essential in the adult human

Back 19

8

Front 20

# of a. acidsessential for infants.... the difference for human

Back 20

9----histidine

Front 21

Other nutrients we require in our diet

Back 21

Fatty acids
Vitamins
Minerals

Front 22

the four main stages of food processing are

Back 22

indigestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination

Front 23

the act of eating

Back 23

Indigestion

Front 24

is the process of breaking food down into molecules small enough for the body to absorb

Back 24

digestion

Front 25

Polysaccharides break down to

Back 25

(into mono and disaccharides)

Front 26

Fats break down into

Back 26

(glycerol and fatty acids)

Front 27

Proteins break down into

Back 27

(amino acids)

Front 28

Nucleic acids break down into

Back 28

(nucleotides)

Front 29

after the food is digest the animal's cells take
up small molecules such as amino acids and simple sugars from the digestion
compartment

Back 29

absorption

Front 30

undigested material passes out of the digestive compartment

Back 30

Elimination

Front 31

-rhythmic waves of contractions by smooth muscles in the walls of the canals, push along

Back 31

Peristalsis

Front 32

muscular ring-like valves, regulate the passage of material between specialized chambers of the canal

Back 32

Sphincters

Front 33

 include
the salivary glad the pancreases, the liver and gallbladder

Back 33

Accessory glands

Front 34

Oral Cavity begins the digestion by digesting _____

Back 34

Carbs

Front 35

Saliva contains ________ an enzyme that hydrolyzes starch and glycogen into smaller
polysaccharides and the disaccharide maltose

Back 35

salivary amylase

Front 36

The tongue tastes food, manipulates it during chewing and helps shape the food into a ball called

Back 36

Bolus

Front 37

The stomach is located

Back 37

in the upper abdominal cavity, just below the diaphragm

Front 38

_______ is secreted in a inactive form called _______ by specialized chief cells in
gastric pits

Back 38

Pepsin pepsinogen

Front 39

Pepsinogen is secreted by specialized

Back 39

chief cells in
gastric pits

Front 40

Parietal cells also in the pits secrete_______ which converts pepsinogen to the active pepsin only when both reach the stomach this creates the lumen of the stomach

Back 40

HCl

Front 41

______ also in the pits secrete hydrochloric acid which

Back 41

Parental Cells

Front 42

protects the stomach from being digested by itself

Back 42

Mucus

Front 43

·        
is the major organ of digestion and absorption

Back 43

small intestine

Front 44

Length of small intestine

Back 44

6 M

Front 45

In the first 25 cm of the small intestine

Back 45

the
duodenum

Front 46

Liver produces

Back 46

Bile

Front 47

Bile is stored in the

Back 47

Gall Badder

Front 48

Most of the enzymatic hydrolysis of food macromolecules and most of the absorption of nutrients into the blood occurs in_______

Back 48

in the small intestine

Front 49

Bile salts act as

Back 49

Detergents

Front 50

that are by-products of red blood cell destruction in the liver

Back 50

pigments

Front 51

Digest Starches in the Small intestine

Back 51

Pancreatic amylases

Front 52

protein-digesting enzymes (intestinal Epithelial)

Back 52

aminopeptidase

Front 53

protein-digesting enzymes (pancrease)

Back 53

trypsin, chymotrypain, and carboxypeptidase

Front 54

enzyme that hydrolyzes fat molecules into glycerol, fatty acids, and glycerides

Back 54

Liptase

Front 55

Most of the digestion occurs in the _____ of the small intestine

Back 55

duodenum

Front 56

3 sections of the small intestine

Back 56

jejunum
Ileum
Duodenum

Front 57

A major function of the colon

Back 57

to recover water that has entered the alimentary canal as the solvent to various digestive juice

Front 58

Diarrhea results in _____ water is absorbed

Back 58

insufficient

Front 59

constipation if too much water is

Back 59

absorbed

Front 60

Living in the large intestine is a rich flora

Back 60

bacteria

Front 61

can make any protein

Back 61

E. Coli

Front 62

As a byproduct of their metabolism, many colon bacteria generate gases including

Back 62

Methane and H2S