Chapter 50: Motor F(X) Disorders

Front 1

What is ataxia?

Back 1

Uncoordinated movement of muscles.

Front 2

What is dysmetria?

Back 2

Past pointing or overshooting.

Front 3

What are tremors?

Back 3

Uncontrollable shaking.

Front 4

What is nystagmus?

Back 4

Rapid, involuntary, horizontal, vertical movement of the eyeball.

Front 5

What is paralysis?

Back 5

Loss of movement.

Front 6

What is paresis?

Back 6

Weakness or incomplete loss of muscle function.

Front 7

What is clonus?

Back 7

Rhythmic contraction and alternate relaxation of a limb that's caused by sudden stretching and holding.

Front 8

What does having hypoflexica/areflexia mean?

Back 8

It suggests the presence of an LMN lesion.

Front 9

What is dysdiadochokinesia?

Back 9

Failure to accurately perform rapid alternating movements.

Front 10

What is chorea?

Back 10

Abnormal writhing movements.

Front 11

What is dystonia?

Back 11

Abnormal simultaneous contractions of agonist and antagonist muscles leading to abnormal postures.

Front 12

What is bradykinesia?

Back 12

Slowness of movements.

Front 13

What is myoclonus?

Back 13

Involuntary jerking movement

Front 14

What is the Pyramidal (upper) motor controls?

Back 14

carry motor information down to the final common pathway

Front 15

What is the extrapyramidal (lower) motor controls?

Back 15

motor neurons connecting the brainstem and spinal cord to muscle fibers, bringing the nerve impulses from the upper motor neurons out to the muscles

Front 16

What is a lower motor neuron disorder?

Back 16

Progressive neruologic illnesses that selectively affect the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord and cranial nerve motor neurons.

Front 17

What is an upper motor neuron disorder?

Back 17

Neurologic illnesses that deal with the brain and spinal function.

Front 18

Name some UMDs.

Back 18

Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Encephalitis, Meningitis, Stroke

Front 19

Name some LMDs.

Back 19

Myasthenia Gravis, Guillain-Barre, 'mixed' Multiple sclerosis

Front 20

In UMDs, any form of spinal cord injury results in?

Back 20

Spastic paralysis

Front 21

In LMDs, any form results in and what does that type of paralysis mean?

Back 21

Flaccid paralysis (loss of muscle tone)?

Front 22

What is Alzheimer's?

Back 22

Dementia that gradually gets worse over time

Front 23

What is Parkinson's disease?

Back 23

Progressive degenerative disorder of basal ganglia & substatia nigra function of the brain. Shaking (tremors) and difficulty with walking, movement, and coordination.

Front 24

What is encephalitis?

Back 24

Irritation and swelling (inflammation) of the brain, most often due to infections.

Front 25

What is meningitis?

Back 25

Inflammation of the meninges (the membrane that cover the brain and spinal cord) caused by viral or bacterial infection.

Front 26

What is a stroke?

Back 26

A stroke is a condition where a blood clot or ruptured artery or blood vessel interrupts blood flow to an area of the brain.

Front 27

What is Myasthenia Gravis (grave muscular weekness in Latin)?

Back 27

Characterized by fluctuating weakness of the voluntary muscle groups. B-cell mediated autoimmune disease that targets specifically acytylecholine receptors, attracts WBCs, which results in flaccid paralysis.

Front 28

What is Guillain-Barre syndrome?

Back 28

Immune system attacks your nerves. Weakness and tingling in your extremities are usually the first symptoms. These sensations can quickly spread, eventually paralyzing your whole body. Typical in men 25-40.

Front 29

What is mixed multiple sclerosis?

Back 29

MS is thought to be a chronic autoimmune disease (B-cell mediated) that affects the central nervous system (CNS) — brain, spinal cord, and nerve fibers to the eyes. MS attacks the myelin sheath that surrounds and protects the body's nerve fibers. When the myelin sheath is damaged or destroyed, nerve impulses are interrupted. This creates MS symptoms.

Front 30

What is muscular dystrophy?

Back 30

Genetic disorder that deteriorates the voluntary muscles because of mixed cell hypertrophy, atrophy, and necrosis. *signifcant observation of walking on toes.

Front 31

What are the fuctions of dystrophin proteins?

Back 31

Provides integrity of the cell membrane, muscle metabolism that involves them to hypertrophy and keep them alive.

Front 32

What is Duchenne's MD?

Back 32

Recessive sex-linked disease that results in an absence of dystrophin proteins.

Front 33

What are polyneuropathies?

Back 33

Involves demylination or axonal degeneration of multiple peripheral nerves that leads to symmetric, sensory, motor, or mixed sensorimotor deficits.

Front 34

What is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis? What is it commonly known as?

Back 34

Commonly known as Lou Gherig's disease. Early-onset dementia. Progressive denervation and deggeration of upper motor neurons in spinal cord and brain which results in impared fine motor movement, dysphagia, dysarthria, dysphonia, muscle atrophy, and finally cranial and respiratory involvement and death.

Front 35

What is acute spinal cord injury?

Back 35

The primary neurologic injury
occurs at the time of mechanical injuryand is irreversible. It is characterized by small hemorrhages inthe gray matter of the cord, followed by edematous changes inthe white matter that lead to necrosis of neural tissue. This typeof injury results from the forces of compression, stretch, andshear associated with fracture or compression of the spinal ver-tebrae, dislocation of vertebrae (e.g., flexion, extension, sub-luxation), and contusions due to jarring of the cord in the spinalcanal.

Secondary injuries follow the primary injury and promotethe spread of injury.

Front 36

What is spinal shock? What pressure results it?

Back 36

Inflammation that causes 12-15 mmHg pressure in several vertebrae-->neurological damage bc of collapse of neurons.

Front 37

What is atrial fibrillation?

Back 37

Irregular & competitive electrical impuses in the atria of the heart and leading to tachycardia and fibrillation (irreg heartbeat).

Front 38

What is atrial fibrillation associated with?

Back 38

5-fold increase in risk for an ischemic stroke (accounts for 15-25% of all US strokes)

Front 39

What is Paroxysmal AF?

Back 39

Two or more episodes that each spontaneously terminate within 7 days

Front 40

What is Persistent AF?

Back 40

Persists more than one week. Also associated with CAD, Rheumatic Heart valvular disease, and/or diabetes.

Front 41

What is Permanent AF?

Back 41

Persists more than one year.