Chapter 50 Bio 109 P.p. Notecard

Front 1

Ecology is

Back 1

he scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment
these interactions determine both the distribution of organisms and their abundance

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the difference between ecology and evolutionary time

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Events that occur are ecological time while evolutionary time is the adaption to those events

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The environment of any organism includes

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a) Abiotic factor- non-living
b) biotic factors- living
c) All the other organisms in the environmental biota

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Sub-levels of ecology

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1.  Organism Ecology-Zoology
2. Population ecology
3. Community Ecology
4. Ecosystem Ecology

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Sub-level of that Studies how an organism's structure, physiology,
and ( for animals) behavior to meet the challenges posed by the

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organism
Ecology-Zoology

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Sub-level of ecology concentrates mainly on the factors that affect how many individuals of a particular species live in an area

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population

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Sub-level of ecology deals with the
array of interacting species on a community

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community ecology

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Sub-level of ecology Emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycle among the various biotic and abiotic comports

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ecosystem ecology

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6 major biographical realms and their current counter parts

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1. Neartic- N. America
2.paleoartic- russia, North africa. and europe
3. Oriental-- china
4.Australian-Australia
5.Ethiopian- south africa
6.Neotropical- South america

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Neartic-

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N. America

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paleoartic

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- russia, North africa. and europe

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Oriental-

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- china

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Australian-

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Australia

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Ethiopian-

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south africa

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Neotropical

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- South america

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Discipline of ecology that seeks to answer why species occur in some areas and not others

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Biogeography

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Biogeography is affected by

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Dispersal and Distribution

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Dispersal is

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•Is the movement of individuals
away from centers of high population density or from their area of origin

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•Contributes to the global
distribution of organisms

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Dispersal

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can restrict the geographic range

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§Isolation

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Shows the influence of dispersal on distribution

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Natural range expansions

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Exotic species

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Include organisms that are intentionally or accidentally relocated from their original distribution

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_____ can often disrupt the communities or ecosystems to which they have been introduced

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exotic species

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3 things that affect the dispersal of organisms

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-biotic factors
-Behavior and Habitat Selection
-abiotic factors

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Biotic factors that affect the distribution of organisms may include

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Interactions with other species
Predation
Competition

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Abiotic factors that affect the distribution of organisms may include

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Temperature
Water
Sunlight
Wind
Rocks and soil

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•Is an important factor in the
distribution of organisms because of its effects on biological processes because Organisms have a maximum and
minimum at which they can survive

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temperature

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among habitats is an important factor in species
distribution Especially in plants, but also with animals

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water availiblity

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Can affect photosynthesis in
ecosystems Is also important to the development and behavior of organisms sensitive to the photoperiod

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light intensity

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Amplifies the effects of
temperature on organisms by increasing heat loss due to evaporation and
convection Can change the morphology of
plants

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wind

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limit the distribution of plants and thus the animals that feed upon them Physical structure
pH Mineral composition

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rocks and soil

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soil is dependent on the

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Physical structure
pH
Mineral composition

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Four major abiotic components make up climate

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Temperature, water, sunlight, and wind

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Is the prevailing weather conditions in a particular area

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climate

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Climate patterns can be described on two scales

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Macroclimate, patterns on the global, regional, and local level
Microclimate, very fine patterns, such as those encountered by the community of organisms underneath a fallen log

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patterns on the global, regional, and local level

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Macroclimate,

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very fine patterns, such as those encountered by the community of organisms underneath a fallen log

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Microclimate,

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§Earth’s global climate patterns Are determined largely by the

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input of solar energy and the planet’s movement in space

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•Plays a major part in determining
the Earth’s climate patterns

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sunlight intensity

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§These
combine to form currents in the ocean

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global wind patterns

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Moderate the climate of nearby terrestrial environments

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Oceans and their currents, and large lakes

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§Mountains
have a significant effect on

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•The amount of sunlight reaching
an area
-Local temperature
•Rainfall

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•Are sensitive to seasonal
temperature change
-Experience seasonal turnover

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lakes

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•Are the major types of ecological
associations that occupy broad geographic regions of land or water

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biomes

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•Account for the largest part of
the biosphere in terms of area

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§Aquatic
biomes

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Cover about 75% of Earth’s surface
Have an enormous impact on the biosphere

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oceans

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oceans cover about ___% of earth's surface

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75

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(1)             
Solid body of H₂O


(2)             
Is  affected by turnover


(3)             
Also susceptible
to run over


(4)             
Relatively Stable
environment

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lakes

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(1)             
Less stable


(2)             
Anywhere there is
standing H₂O and hydrophilic plants


(3)             
Is not wet all
year round


(4)             
High Productivity


(5)             
Important for
terrestrial creatures

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wetlands

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(1)             
Lose everything
they make


(2)             
Inertly unstable


(3)             
Running water


(4)             
Always changing


The channeling

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Streams and
Rivers

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similar to wetlands but only occur at the mouths of rivers
(2) Is a highly selective area because species must adapt to both fresh and salt water

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etuaries

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(1) Area is wet at high tide and dry at low tide
(2) Very harsh environment
(3) Organisms must be adapted to wet and dry conditions
(4) Lacks diversity

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Intertidal zones

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Everything from shelf of one continued to another
(2) Low productivity per meter square, but produces a large majority of photosynthetic glucose.

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Ocean Pelagic Biome

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Located in tropic
areas
Shallow water
Extremely
productive
Occupy otherwise
barren areas
Area has little
nutrients to provide so coral lives symbiotically with fungi and bacteria

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coral reefs

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(1) Located in the Abyssal area
(2) > 1 mile deep
(3) No photosynthesis
(4) Chemosynthetic systems
(5) Energy is found from Heat and H₂S
(6) Relatively unexplored

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a)              
Marine Benthic
Zone

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terrestrial biomes are determined by

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 Climate largely determines the distribution and structure of terrestrial biomes

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aquatic biomes are determined by

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defined by light
penetration, temperature, and dept

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(1)             
Around the
Equator


(2)             
High Temperature
and precipitation Ecosystem


(3)             
Aseasonal


(4)             
Most productive
terrestrial biomes


(5)             
Forest stratified


(6)             
Most Diverse
Biome

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tropical rainforest

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(1)             
Usually Hot and
dry but cold deserts are possible


(2)             
Associated with
Hadley cells


(3)             
Most plant in
desert are Asexual


(4)             
Live is adapted
to living it here

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a)              
Desert

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(1)             
Makes up majority
of south Africa


(2)             
Scattered trees


(3)             
Hot and dry


(4)             
highly seasonal
precipitation


Only rains in wet season

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Savanna

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(1) Smallest Biome
(2) In California and Europe
(3) Mild weather and stable temperature
(4) Unstable Rains
(5) Dry Summers
(6) Endangered biomes due to increased industrialization and commercialization

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Chaparral (a.k.a. Mediterranean Biome)

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(1) Small
(2) Central and North America
(3) Moderate to hot with lower precipitation
(4) Western Kansas
(5) Highly adapted grasses

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Temperature Grasslands

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(1) Largest terrestrial biome
(2) Most of Canada and Russia
(3) Dominated by evergreens
(4) Photosynthesis occurs all year

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Coniferous (boreal) forest

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(1) Our biome
(2) Warm summers
(3) Cold winters

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Temperate Broadleaf Forest

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(1) In the far north
(2) "Cold desert"
(3) Permafrost
(4) Only productive during the summer

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Tundra