Chapter 5 - Vocabulary

Front 1

absorption

Back 1

Passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream.

Front 2

amino acids

Back 2

* Building blocks of proteins.

* Produced when proteins are digested.

Front 3

amylase

Back 3

Enzyme secreted by the pancreas to digest starch.

Front 4

anus

Back 4

Opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body.

Front 5

appendix

Back 5

* Blind pouch hanging from the cecum of the large intestine.

* It literally means hanging (pend/o) on (ap-).

Front 6

bile

Back 6

* Digestive juice that breaks up (emulsifies) large fat globules.

* Made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder.

Front 7

bilirubin

Back 7

Pigment released by the liver in bile.

Front 8

bowel

Back 8

Intestine.

Front 9

canine teeth

Back 9

* Pointed tooth, like dog (canine) teeth

* Located next to (distal to) the incisors.

Front 10

parts of the small intestine

Back 10

1. DUODENUM: receives food from the stomach and digests it.

2. JEJUNUM: connects the duodenum and the ileum.

3. ILEUM: attaches to the first part of the large intestine (cecum).

Front 11

parts of the large intestine

Back 11

1. CECUM: receives food from the ileum.

2. COLON: extends from the cecum and leads into the rectum.

3. RECTUM: leads to the anus.

Front 12

common bile duct

Back 12

* Carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum.

* Also called the choledochus.

Front 13

colon

Back 13

* Part of the large intestine.

* It has four segments: ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid.

Front 14

deglutition

Back 14

Swallowing.

Front 15

defecation

Back 15

Elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the rectum.

Front 16

dentin

Back 16

* Major tissue composing teeth.

* Lies beneath the enamel, which protects the crown, and is surrounded by a protective layer of cementum in the root.

Front 17

digestion

Back 17

Breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms.

Front 18

duodenum

Back 18

* First part of the small intestine.

* Receives food from the stomach and digests it.

Front 19

elimination

Back 19

Removal of indigestible materials from the body.

Front 20

emulsification

Back 20

Breakdown of large fat globules into smaller globules.

Front 21

enamel

Back 21

Hard, outermost layer of a tooth.

Front 22

enzyme

Back 22

* A chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances.

* Helps breakdown (digest) foods.

Front 23

esophagus

Back 23

* Tube connecting the throat to the stomach.

* Literally means inward (eso-) swallowing (phag/o)

Front 24

fatty acids

Back 24

Produced when fats are digested.

Front 25

feces

Back 25

Solid wastes; stools.

Front 26

gallbladder

Back 26

Small sac under the liver that stores bile.

Front 27

glucose

Back 27

* Simple sugar.

* In liver cells, glucose is stored as glycogen (starch)

Front 28

ileum

Back 28

* Third part of the small intestine.

* Attaches to the first part (cecum) of the large intestine.

Front 29

hydrochloric acid

Back 29

* Produced by the stomach.

* Necessary for digestion of food.

Front 30

incisor

Back 30

One of four front teeth.

Front 31

insulin

Back 31

* Hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the pancreas.

* Transports sugar from the blood into cells.

*Stimulates glycogen formation by the liver.

Front 32

jejunum

Back 32

* Second part of the small intestine.

* Connects the duodenum and the ileum.

Front 33

lipase

Back 33

Pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats.

Front 34

liver

Back 34

* Secretes bile.

* Produces blood proteins.

* Stores sugar, iron, and vitamins.

* Destroys worn-out red blood cells.

Front 35

lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

Back 35

Ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach.

Front 36

mastication

Back 36

Chewing.

Front 37

palate

Back 37

Roof of the mouth.

Front 38

pancreas

Back 38

* Produces insulin (for transport of sugar into cells) and enzymes (for digestion of foods).

* Located beneath the stomach.

Front 39

papillae
(singular: papilla)

Back 39

Small elevations on the tongue

Front 40

parotid gland

Back 40

Salivary gland within the cheek.

Front 41

peristalsis

Back 41

* Rhythmic contractions of the muscles in the walls of the gastrointestinal tract.

* Propels contents towards the anus.

* Literally means surrounding (peri-) constriction (-stalsis)

Front 42

pharynx

Back 42

* The throat.

* Common passageway for food from the mouth and air from the nose.

Front 43

portal vein

Back 43

Large vein that carries blood from the intestines to the liver.

Front 44

protease

Back 44

Enzyme that digests protein.

Front 45

pulp

Back 45

* Soft tissue within a tooth.

* Contains nerves and blood vessels.

Front 46

pyloric sphincter

Back 46

* Soft tissue within a tooth.

* Contains nerves and blood vessels.

Front 47

pylorus

Back 47

Distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenum.

Front 48

rectum

Back 48

* Last section of the large intestine.

* Leads to the outside of the body and ends at the anus.

Front 49

rugae

Back 49

Ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach.

Front 50

saliva

Back 50

* Produced by salivary glands.

* Juice containing digestive enzymes.

Front 51

salivary glands

Back 51

* Produce saliva.

* Surround the oral cavity.

* Three pairs: parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands

Front 52

sigmoid colon

Back 52

* Last segment of the colon.
* Leads into the rectum.

Front 53

sphincter

Back 53

Circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening.

Front 54

stomach

Back 54

* Receives food from the esophagus.

* Consists of the fundus (proximal section), body (middle section), and antrum (distal section).

Front 55

triglycerides

Back 55

Large fat molecules.

Front 56

uvula

Back 56

Soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate.

Front 57

villi
(singular: villus)

Back 57

* Microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine.

* Absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream.

Front 58

peritoneum

Back 58

Membrane that surrounds the abdominal cavity.