Chapter 5: Variations Of Consciousness

Front 1

The sleep-wake cycle is regulated by

Back 1

the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus

Front 2

The sleep-wake cycle is one of many

Back 2

circadian rhythms

Front 3

Activation of SCN is regulated by?

- how?

Back 3

regulated by amount of light in the env.

- info is carried to SCN through retinohypothalamic tract (part of optic nerve)

Front 4

____ activates the SCN which in turn ___________the activity of the pineal gland

Back 4

light activates the SCN, which in turn suppresses the activity of the pineal gland

Front 5

When the pineal gland is active it secretes?

Back 5

melatonin (hormone that promotes sleep)

Front 6

At night without light.. what happens to SCN (2)

Back 6

- SCN no longer suppresses pineal gland

- gland starts secreting melatonin and we become sleepy

Front 7

What are the 7 neurotransmitters and hormones that regulate sleep and wakefulness?

Back 7

1. melatonin (H)

2. Adenosine (H)

3. GABA (N)

4. Serotonin (N)

5. Epiepherine/Adrenalin (N)

6. Histamine (N)

7. Dopamine (N)

Front 8

Melatonin (3)

Back 8

- promotes sleep

- very powerful

- regulates moods and thought processes

Front 9

Adenosine (3)

Back 9

- promotes sleep

- not very powerful

- caffeine promotes wakefulness by acting as a adenosine antagonist

Front 10

Caffeine affect on adenosine

Back 10

- acts as adenosine antagonist by blocking receptors for adenosine

Front 11

GABA

Back 11

general inhibitory neurotransmitter that facilitates sleep

Front 12

Which monoamines are sleep inhibitors? (4)

Back 12

1. serotonin

2. epinepherine/adrenalin

3. histamine

4. dopamine

Front 13

Normal sleep consists of

Back 13

- 5 stages

- 4/5 are NREM

- last is called REM or dream sleep

Front 14

as we move from wakefulness to stage 4 sleep... (2)

Back 14

- we move deeper into unconsciousness

- our brain waves become larger in amplitude and lower in frequency

Front 15

Each complete cycle (from stage 1-REM) lasts about

Back 15

90 minutes(in a night with 7.5h of sleep we go through 5 such cycles)

Front 16

We spend significantly more time in stage _ sleep and significantly less time in ____ sleep during the first ___ cycles than the last ___ cycles

Back 16

We spend significantly more time in stage 4 sleep and significantly less time in REM sleep during the first 2 cycles than the last 2 cycles

Front 17

What occurs during stage 4 sleep?

Back 17

many body regenerative functions: repair of micro-tears in muscles and removal of toxins by the liver

Front 18

Sleep disorders such as night terror and sleep walking are likely to occur in what stage of sleep?

Back 18

4

Front 19

What stage of sleep seems to be the time when memory consolidation takes place?

Back 19

REM

Front 20

REM sleep is also called _____________ because

Back 20

Paradoxical sleep bc although the mind is highly active, and we are actively dreaming - most muscles in the body extremely relaxed (almost to the point of paralysis - to prevent us from acting out our dreams)

Front 21

Typical dream content (3)

Back 21

1. mostly mundane events about oneself in familiar settings w/ familiar ppl

2. mostly from one simple and brief image to another, not elaborative - mostly don't remember them

3. dreams that we do remember -> negative content is common

Front 22

Psychoanalytic Theory of Wish Fulfillment was proposed by

Back 22

Sigmond Freud

Front 23

Psychoanalytic theory of wish fulfillment (5)

Back 23

1. dreams (what we remember) are the manifest content (twisted disguised content) of dark, disturbing, and unfulfilled desires buried in our unconscious (latent content)

2. we create those dream images to experience and fulfill our dark desires (wish fulfillment) w/o having to feel too fearful, shamed or guilty

3. the more intense and unresolved those desires are - the more we need to repress them while we are awake AND the more frequently and intensely we need to express them in our dreams

4. thru systematically analyzing manifest dream content - can gain understanding of dark desires in our unconscious

5. problem: very little empirical for this theory

Front 24

"dream is the royal road to the unconscious" was most likely said by

Back 24

- sigmond freud or a believer in the theory of wishfulfillment

Front 25

Biological theory of activation-synthesis? (2)

Back 25

- dreams are by-products of brain activities during the memory consolidation process (they have no meaning and no significance)

- critique of this theory: assertion that dreams are nothing but unimportant by-products of neurological activities cannot be tested

Front 26

Facts about drugs (5)

Back 26

1. any sub that can change attention, judgement, memory ,time sense, self-control, emotion, or perception are called psychoactive drug

2. most drugs can be placed on a continuum from neurologically stimulating to depressing

3. stimulants increase activities or the NS - depressants do the reverse

4. psychoactive drugs either - imitate certain neurotransmitters - alter the amount of neurotransmitters in various synapses

5. all addictive drugs, stimulate the brain's reward centres (esp. nucleus accumbens to release dopamine)

Front 27

Define depressants:

Back 27

reduce tension and anxiety; promote relaxation and sleep by inhibiting overall neuro-activities

Front 28

Most abused class of psychoactive drugs are

Back 28

depressants

Front 29

3 types of depressants

Back 29

1. alcohol - increases activity of GABA, reduces activity of glutamate

2. barbiturates - class of chemical found in older types of sleeping pills, anti-anxiety drugs and muscle relaxants

Front 30

What drug is highly addictive and is used to treat?

Back 30

epilepsy!

Front 31

What is benzodiazephines

Back 31

replacing barbiturates. safer and less addictive

- some barbs induce sleep only

- others induce sleep and reduce daytime anxiety symptoms

Front 32

Stimulants have

Back 32

general arousing effects, mostly through increasing dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine activities

Front 33

List the type of stimulants we learned about it

Back 33

- amphetamines will keep us entertained

- other commonly misused stimulants: cocaine, caffeine and nicotine

Front 34

Define opiates

Back 34

reduce pain (endorphin agonists) and induce euphoria

Front 35

5 types of opiates we learned about?

Back 35

1. opium - from sap of poppy plant

2. morphine - active ingredient found in opium

3. codeine - less powerful active ingredient

4. heroin - artificially produced drug that mimics opium by adding chemical by blood to produce the rush

5. fentanyl - synthetic opiates similar to morphine, but many times more powerful (used to treat severe and chronic pain)

Front 36

Hallucinogens ..

Back 36

distort sensory experience: produce hallucinations by increasing dopaminergic activities

Front 37

3-4 types of hallucinogens?

Back 37

1. marijuana

2. LSD

3. common abused hallucinogens including psllocybin and mescaline

Front 38

Counteractive effect?

Back 38

the effect of a drug becomes less internse as a result of being taken with another drug

Front 39

Synergistic effect?

Back 39

the effect of a drug becomes more intense as a result of it being take with another drug

Front 40

Tolerance refers to

Back 40

the fact that after repeated administration of the same dose of a drug, that dose will have less and less effect

Front 41

Tolerance is caused by...

Back 41

our body's natural compensatory responses to drug - overtime our body tends to alter its functions in order to counteract the disturbance/imbalance the drug causes

Front 42

Because different organs within our body, develop tolerance to the same drug at very diff. rate ...

Back 42

people who develop high tolerance for a drug risk dangerous side effects from organs for which tolerance does not develop, resulting in over-dosing

Front 43

Cross-tolerance refers to

Back 43

the fact that when a drug of one type is taken, tolerance can develop for similar drugs of that type

Front 44

Withdrawal refers to...

Back 44

- the experience of physiological/psychological symptoms that results when drug is stopped/reduced

Front 45

Physiological withdrawal is caused by the same process that causes ....

Back 45

tolerance: therefore many withdrawal symptoms are the opposite of the effects of the drug

Front 46

Psychological withdrawal refers to

Back 46

the feeling of craving for the drug

Front 47

Psychological withdrawal, triggered by...

Back 47

environment stimuli - is main cause of post-treatment relapse