Chapter 5 Tissues

Front 1

tissues

Back 1

group of similar cells that performs a specialized function

Front 2

epithelial

Back 2

form protective coverings and function in secretion and absorption

Front 3

connective

Back 3

support soft body parts and bind structures together

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muscle

Back 4

produce body movements

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nervous

Back 5

conduct impulses that help control and coordinate body activities

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basement membrane

Back 6

layer of nonliving material that anchors epithelial tissue to underlying connective tissue

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squamous

Back 7

epithelial tissues composed of thin, flattened cells

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cuboidal

Back 8

epithelial tissues composed of cubed shaped cells

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columnar epithelium

Back 9

epithelial tissues composed of longated cells

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simple

Back 10

epithelium composed of a single layer of cells

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straitified

Back 11

epithelium composed with two or more layers

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simple squamous epithelium

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consists of a single layer of thin flattened cells. fit tightly together and nuclei is usually broad and thin. line alveoli in the lungs, forms walls of capillaries, lines the insides of blood and lymph vessels,

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simple cuboidal epithelium

Back 13

consists of a single layer of cube shaped cells, usually have centrally located spherical nuclei. covers the ovaries and lines most of the kidney tubules and ducts of glands

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simple columnar epithelium

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longer than they are wide, composed of a single layer of cells with elongated nuclei usually located about the same level near the basement membrane.

noncilitated - lines the uterus and digestive tract

ciliated - move egg through the uterine tube to the uterus

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pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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appear to be stratified but arent. the nuclei lie at two or more levels in the row. cells vary in shape but all reach the basement membrane. commonly have cilia. lines passages of the respiratory systems.

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stratified squamous epithelium

Back 16

make tissues thick, cells divide in deeper layers, newer cells push older ones farther outward where they flatten. forms the outer most layer of the skin, lines oral cavitiy, esophagus, vagina

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stratified cuboidal epithelium

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two or three layers of cuboidal cells that form the lining of a lumen. provides more protective than a single layer. lines the ducts of the mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and pancreas

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stratified columnar epithelium

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several layers of cells. superficial cells are columnar, basal layers are cuboidal. found in the male urethra and lining larger ducts of exocrine glands

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transitional epithelium

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specialized to change in response to increased tension. forms inner lining of the urinary bladders. provides expandable lining also forms a barrier that helps prevent contents from diffusing back into the internal environment

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glandular epithelium

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composed of cells specialized to produce and secrete substances into ducts or into body fluids. found within columnar or cuboidal epithelium. a group = a gland.

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exocrine glands

Back 21

glands that secrete their products into ducts that open onto surfaces

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endocrine glands

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glands that secrete their products into tissue fluid or blood

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merocrine glands

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glands that release fluid by exocytosis

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apocrine

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glands that lose small portions of their glandular cell bodies during secretion

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holocrine glands

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glands that release entire cells that disintegrate to release secretions

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serous fluid

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typically watery and has a high concentration of enzymes

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mucus

Back 27

thicker fluid rich in glycoprotein and abundantly secreted by cells for protection

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extracellular matrix

Back 28

molecules that fill spaces between cells, consisting mostly of protein fiber networks

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fixed cells

Back 29

type of connective tissue that reside in the tissue for an extended period of time. includes fibroblasts and mast cells

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wandering cells

Back 30

type of connective tissue that move through and appear in tissues temporarily usually in response to an injury or infection. included macrophages

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fibroblasts

Back 31

most common type of connective tissue. large star shaped cells produce fibers by secreting proteins into the extraceullular matrix

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macrophages

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aka histiocytes, originate as white blood cells and as numerous as fibroblasts. carry on phagocytosis

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mast cells

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large and widely distributed usually near blood vessels. release heparin (prevents blood clotting) and histamine (promotes reactions associated with inflammation and allergies)

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fibroblasts types

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collagen fibers

elastic fibers

reticular fibers

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collagen fibers

Back 35

thick threads of collagen. grouped in long parallel bundles, slightly elastic. important components of ligaments and tendons

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ligaments

Back 36

connective tissue which connect bones to bones

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tendons

Back 37

connective tissue which connects muscles to bones

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dense connective tissue

Back 38

tissue containing abundant collagen fibers. appears white

aka white fibers

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loose connective tissue

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has fewer collagen fibers

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elastic fibers

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springlike protein call elastin. fibers branch forming complex networks. weaker than collagen but easily stretched.

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yellow fibers

Back 41

connective tissue fibers with a lot of elastic fibers

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reticular fibers

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thin collagen fibers that are highly branched and form delicate supporting networks.

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connective tissue proper

Back 43

includes loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue

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specialized connective tissue

Back 44

includes cartilage, bone, and blood

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loose connective tissue

Back 45

includes areolar tissue, adipose tissue, and reticular connective tissue

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areolar tissue

Back 46

forms delicate thin membranes throughout the body, mainly made of fibroblasts, located apart and separated by a gel like substance containing collagen and elastic fibers.

binds the skin to the underlying organs and fills spaces between muscles.

Front 47

adipose tissue

Back 47

develops when certain cells store fat as droplets in their cytoplasm and enlarge. form when the cells become so abundant they crowd other cell types.

Front 48

reticular connective tissue

Back 48

composed of thin collagent fibers in a three dimensional network, provides the framework of certain internal organs like the liver and spleen

Front 49

dense connective tissue

Back 49

consists of many closely packed, thick, collagen fibers, and a fine network of elastic fibers. has few cells.

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cartilage

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rigid connective tissue that provide support, frameworks, and attachments, protects tissue, forms structural models. largely composed of collagen fibers

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chondrocytes

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cartilage cell

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types of cartilage

Back 52

hyaline cartilage

elastic cartilage

fibrocartilage

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hyaline cartilage

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most common. very fine collagen fibers, looks like white glass. found on the ends of bones, soft part of the nose, supporting rings of the respiratory passages. important in the development and growth of bones

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elastic cartilage

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dense network of elastic fibers and more flexible. provides framework for external ears and parts of the larynx

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fibrocartilage

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very tough, lots of collagen fibers. shock absorber for structures that are subjected to pressure. pads the intervertebral discs, cushions bones in the knees and pelvic girdle

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bone

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rigid connective tissue, hard due to mineral salts like calcium phophate and calcium carbonate. internally supports body structures, protects vital parts, attachment for muscles

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lamellae

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thing layers of bone matric which form concentric patterns around tiny longitudinal tubes call central canals

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osteocytes

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bone cells - located within lacunae which are evenly spaced within the lamellae

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osteon

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cylinder shaped unit which osteocytes and layers of extracellular matrix cluster concentrically around a central canal - form compact bone

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canaliculi

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small tubes in the extracellular matrix for nutrient supply to pass through

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blood

Back 61

transports materials between interior body cells and those that exchange substances with the external environment

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formed elements

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composition of blood that include red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

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blood plasma

Back 63

fluid extracellular matricx which holds the formed elements of blood

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epithelial membranes

Back 64

thin sheetlike structures composed of epithelium and underlying connective tissue convering body surfaces and lining body cavities

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types of epithelial membranes

Back 65

serous

mucous

cutaneous

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serous membranes

Back 66

line body cavities that lack openings to the outside. form inner linings of the thorax and cover the organs located therein

consists of a layer of simple squamous epithelium and a thin layer of aresolar connective tissue

secret water serous fluid which lubricates membrane serfaces

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mucous membranes

Back 67

line cavities and tubes that open to the outside including oral/nasal cavities, tubes of respiratory/digestive system

consists of epithelium overlying a layer of areolar connective tissue. goblet cells secret mucus

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cutaneous membrane

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skin

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muscle tissues

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able to contract, their muscle fibers can shorten and thicken,

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skeletal muscle tissue

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forms muscles that attach to bones and can be controlled conscious effort aka voluntary effort

long thread like cells

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smooth muscle tissue

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cells do not have striations - are shorter than skeletal muscle cells and are spindle shaped. composes walls of hollow organs like stomach. involuntary effort

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cardiac muscle tissue

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only in the heart. cells are striated and branched. where one cell touches another cell is a special junction call the intercalated disc. smooth and involuntary

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nervous tissue

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found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.

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neurons

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basic nervous tissue cells. sense changes and respond by conducting electrical impulses

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neuroglia

Back 75

divide and crucial to the functioning of neurons. support and bind components of nervous tissue, carry on phagocytosis, supply growth factors. play a role in cell to cell communication